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lunnnnnn (HEART (CARDIAC OUTPUT (peacemaker produce ECG (structure (right…

- - - - temperature
      - age
      - gender
      - illness
      - emotional stress
      - medication
  - - - pulmonary artery
      - vena cava
      - aorta
      - vena pulmonary
    - - chordae tendineae
    - - prevent blood flow back
  - - - DIFFUSION
        
        attach with the haemoglobin,
        CO2 attached with haemoglobin to form Carbaminohemoglobin
        
        using bicarbonate buffering system,
        combine with the water produce carbonic acid
        
        diffuse into the plasma membrane of alveoli
      - CONDITION
        
        passive
        
        the thoracic cavity relax
        
        the volume of the cavity is reduced
    - - muscle contraction expand the thoracic cavity
      - gas flows from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure
      - the lowered air pressure in the lung causes air to rush through the nostrils and mouth
      - down the breathing tubes to the alveoli.
    - - REGULATED BY
        
        mechanism
        
        thermoregulation
        
        osmoregulation
        
        chemical regulation
        
        systems
        
        respiratory system
        
        digestive system
        
        nervous system
        
        urinary sytem
      - At rest,respiratory chemoreflexes initiated at peripheral and central sites mediate rapid stabilizition of arterial PCO2 and pH. Specific brainstream neurons are activated by PC02 and stimulate breathing.
  - - - ventricles contract
        
        forcing blood into the vessels going to lungs and body.
  - - - Ventricles relax
        
        blood filled
        
        upper chambers
        
        left atria
        
        right atria
  - - - amount of blood pumped throughout the body and is determined by The heart rate and stroke volume
    - - Increasing the heart rate increases the cardiac output
    - - the R wave
        
        crosses the isoelectric line and becomes positive
      - the S wave
        
        crosses the isoelectric line to become briefly negative before returning to the isoelectric baseline
      - the Q wave
        
        the first initial downward or 'begative' deflection
      - the ST segment and the T wave
        
        the T wave in most leads is an upright deflection of variable amplitude and duration
        
        T wave produced by ventricular repolarization
      - P wave (first electrical signal)
        
        associated with atrial systole
      - structure
        
        right ventrile
        
        right atrium
        
        left ventricle
        
        left atrium
    - - VASOLIDATION
        
        DEFINITION
        
        Widening of blood vessels that results from relaxation of the muscular walls of the vessels
- - - - parietal pleural membrane’
      - ‘visceral pleural membrane
    - - air-filled organs
  - - - Alveoli are folded with a lot of capilaries
      - the alveoli walls are moist
      - 300 million alveoli in the lung
    - - mixture air formed in the alveoli has a higher PO2 than the blood . diffusion of O2 down its partial pressure gradient from the air in the alveoli to the blood
      - the presence of PCO2 in the alveoli that is higher in the capillaries than the air drives the net diffusion of CO2 from blood to air