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Quinine (Human evolution (People--> Homo sapiens (Genetic features of…

- - - - Small stomach and large brain
      - Greatest decrease in tooth size in human evolution
      - Meat consumption --> high quality of food
    - - Cooking with fire could decrease the digestion cost --> reduction of size of digest system
      - homo sapiens (cooperative breeder) has long development time and short inter-birth spacing
  - - - compare with chimp--> 1.06% fixed difference in DNA sequence
      - Genetic drift acts in synonymous or non-synonymous
      - Selection only on non-synonymous
        
        Directional selection favors base changes that have a positive effect in protein function therefore NS/S>1
        
        Stabilizing selection resists base changes that a negative effect in protein function therefore NS/S<1
      - Gene expression difference
        
        There is large difference in brain between human and chimps.
        
        Gene expression is controlled by regulatory regions of DNA
      - HAR gene
    - - Older lineages from Africa
      - younger lineages from Asia, America, Oceania
  - - - Chimps have light skin
        
        Darken with age
        
        Protected by hair
      - Skin color is partly genetic
      - Melanin protects UV radiation by scattering and absorbing sunlight
        
        Darker skin has higher SPF (sun protection factor ) 10-15
        
        Lighter skin color will lead sun burn, skin cancer, folate acid damage
      - UVB light is needed to make Vitamin D3
        
        for dietary calcium
        
        growth for bone and vertebrate
        
        made from 7-dehydrocholesterol which come from absorbed photon from UVB
      - Inuit Skin Color
        
        diet is very rich in Vitamin D (fish food)
    - - Lactase Persistence --> Genetic Basis LTCP, LTCR
      - Detective selective sweeping
        
        Beneficial mutations are flavor by natural selection
        
        No combination--> surround the mutation are the same sequence
        
        Combination--> could not use genetic marker
      - Lactase persistence
        
        Higher temperature; close and lower equator; higher number disease of cattle
- - - - this is called Fixed Action Pattern --> sensory cue -->sign stimulus and releaser
  - - - instinctive behavior changes over time in some cases as these cases involve learning
    - - a. Habituation: repeated stimuli without appropriate feedback
      - b. Imprinting--> structure learning at a critical period
      - c. Associative Learning
        
        Classical conditioning -->
        
        operation conditioning --> error and trails
      - d.Insight learning--> correct behavior at the first try
      - e.Play --> practice
    - - Most mammals tested learn taste aversion quickly
      - However, the Vampire bats do not learn taste aversion
- - - - ants--> worker
      - queen naked role rat
  - - - long-term association
      - Individual recognation
      - Detection and punishment of cheater