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Prosocial Behaviour (Psychological Explanations (Empathy altrusim…

- - - - Egoistic help
      - Only if can't escape
    - - Altruistic help
      - Help regardless of escape
    - - manipulate empathy and escape cost
      - low empathy only help when escape difficult but high empathy help in both
  - - - helping student, manipulated empathy and social evaluation by telling the student will find out or not find out.
        
        Empathy- higher helping regardless of social sanction
        
        casts doubt on repetitional concerns
  - - - Shock relieving tasks and told they could volunteer if they wished
      - 1/2 told they wouldn't be able to help but shocks being reduced
      - positive mood change regardless of if they helped or not.
- - - - r coefficient of relatedness
      - c reproductive cost to altruist
      - b reproductive benefit to recipient
- - - - Schwarz (1990)
    - - Forgas (1992)
    - - Positive mood by free gift more likely to help, but short lived.
- - - - Faireness moderators shared pain: reduced activity if unfair player
  - - - ingroup vs outgroup pain (same or different football team)
      - brain responses to watching them receive electric shocks, given option to volunteer to help, watch or distraction
      - Ingroup Helping
        
        Anterior insula, self reported empathy
      - Watching outgroup pain
        
        Nucleus Accumbent and negative evaluation (so reward to watch suffer)
    - - TPJ in theory of mind
      - Morishma (2012)
        
        Volume of TPJ correlates with likelihood of giving in dictator game
  - - - Donating money to self or charity
      - striatum regardless of whether participants chose or decision made for them
      - But further increases if voluntary, supporting warm glow
    - - Review showed activity during giving to charity consistently associated with striatum.
      - also in PFC involved in cognitive control, emotion and integration of benefits and costs, suggesting resolving self interest and altruistic motives.
- - - - Most people give nothing
      - Small proportion give half
      - Very few give all
      - Average donation = 20%
  - - - Altruistic punishment
        
        When given opportunity to punish free riders, share more money and this increases with time, even at cost to self.
    - - Compared p(punish) in open or hidden
      - p(punish) is much higher even if the perpetrator doesn't find out
      - Suggests not reinforcing the norm but want to harm perpetrator