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NEPHRON (ELECTROLYTES (POTASSIUM (Hyperkalemia: rise in K+ results in K+…

- - - - excess of water intake, hypersecretion of ADH and aldosterone
    - - High blood pressure, diabetes insipidus, dehydration
  - - - hyposecretion of aldosterone, renal failure, acidosis, decreased insulin can cause this
    - - diuretic abuse, hypersecretion of aldosterone, vomiting, diarrhea are causes
  - - - too much chloride in the diet, diarrhea, kidney disease, metabolic acidosis are causes
    - - heavy sweating, vomiting, metabolic alkalosis
  - - - bone loss from cancer, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
    - - vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, pregnancy
- - - - Endothelium of Glomerulus
        
        fenestrated, allows plasma and small substances. does not let large formed elements through
      - Basement membrane of glomerulus
        
        restricts the passage of large proteins and allows small particles pass
      - Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
        
        restricts small proteins
    - - freely filtered
        
        water, glucose, amino acids, ions some hormones, water-soluble vitamins and ketones easily pass through the membrane
      - not filtered
        
        formed elements(erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets), large proteins can not pass through
      - limited filtered
        
        proteins that are smaller could pass only sometimes
    - - pushes water and some dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus into the bowman's capsule
      - Osmotic pressure is an opposing pressure of GHP, it opposes filtration because it pulls or draws fluids into the glomerulus
      - Capsular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure in the glomerular capsule because of the amount of filtrate in the bowman's capsule.
  - - - Paracellular transport is the movement between epithelial cells
      - Transcellular transport is the movement across epithelial cells
    - - Maximum rate of substance that can be reabsorbed across tubule epithelium per a certain time
    - - return to the blood in the capillaries and vesa recta
      - all vital solutes and water is reabsorbed
  - - - removal of urine from the body(peeing)
- - - - high concentration of Na+(94%), Ca+2(2%), Cl-(77%)
    - - high concentration of Na+(94%), Ca+2(2%), Cl-(69%)