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Pre-Columbian Americas (600-14500C.E.) (The Incas (South America) (Land of…
Pre-Columbian Americas (600-14500C.E.)
Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations
The Mayans
The Yucatan Peninsula in modern Mexico
Mayan glyph-their own language
They had their own math which means they are advanced and prosperous
very militaristic society, and fought constantly with each other and victors destroyed the peoples they defeated
Warriors won prestige when they brought back important captives from neighboring kingdoms. Most captives would spend their lives as slaves or sacrificial victims to the Mayan Gods
Between the 9th and 11th centuries C.E., Chichen Itza organized a loose empire that brought a measure of political stability to the northern Yucatan
Society and Religion
Apart from Kings and ruling families, Mayan society included priests who had elaborate calendar, knowledge of writing, astronomy, and mathematics
Specialization of labor helped to establish social classes
Peasants and slaves fed entire society and provided physical for the construction of cities and monuments
Maya
Between 800-900C.E. cities abandoned
Trade disrupted
Tropical agriculture
Religious, genealogies, historical events
no wheels, pulley, beasts of burden
Patrilineal but traces of women rulers
Mayan Calendar
Ritual calendar
Solar calendar
Maya cosmos
heaven, earthly existence, dark underworld
December 23, 2012?
Slash and burn
Teotihuacan
Big population, got together, made a city
400-600 C.E.
home to 200k ihabitants
metropolis scores of temples
several palatial residences
Busy markets and workshops for artisans and craftsmen
residents built on the cultural foundations of the Olmecs
religious architecture
sun, moon, and 20 smaller pyramids
human sacrifices?
floating gardens
Chinampa 15ft to 30ft wide
no evidence of single rulers
collapse of teo's is unknown
C. 650 C.E.
The Aztecs
Mexica or Aztecs
Arrived after the collapse of Tula // Served as serfs and merchants
Population grew, as did power// 1325 C.E. began construction capitals -Tenochtitlan and tlateloco
1500 C.E. capital and surrounding areas of 500k
Military success leads to lakeshore gains
Fierce warriors
Introduced monarchial system
Leaders legitimated their rule through rituals
Aristocrats selected rulers
Populations of Urban areas over 150k
Tribute payments were common - 1/4 was food
They had gold
Had their own math and writing
The Incas (South America)
Kingdom of Cusco 1197-1438
sometimes spelled Cuzco and in Quechua Qosqo was a small kingdom in the Andes that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the 12th century
In time, through either warfare or peaceful assimilation it began to grow and was succeeded by the Inca Empire
Inca Empire 1438-1533
In 1438, under the command of the Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti (world shaker) the Incas began a far-reaching expansion into neighboring land
the land which Pachacuti conquered was about the size of the Thirteen colonies at the outbreak of the American Revolution of 1776
Pachacuti 1438-1463
Reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into an empire
Federalist system that consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders
Pachacuti is thought to have built the citadel of Machu Picchu either as a family home or as a vacation estate
Land of the Four Corners
By 1525, 6 million plus --> Pizarro 1526
2,000 miles along Andes and Pacific // centered in Cuzco
they had roads along the mountains
Suspension bridges
Chiefdom based on tribute
Conquered peoples helped economy
Pastoralists both men and women
Lake Titicaca to Amazon to Pacific
Terrace farming
Quipu- An Incan Database
helps keep track of numbers