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How well did Cromwell deal with opposition? (How did the Reform parliament…
How well did Cromwell deal with opposition?
Fisher and More
Fisher
Catholic Bishop
Present at Blackfriars and assisted Campaggio's claim against reformation
Supported Catherine's claims against divorce
Executed on June 22nd 1535 for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy
Refused to Take Oath of Supremacy April 1534
More
Anti-reformist and philosophical / theological writer
Member of Aragonese faction
Executed July 6th 1535 for refusing to take Oath of Supremacy
Had 3 interrogations from Cromwell
Stayed silent - no evidence against treason
Admitted that he doesn't recognise the King as the King
Pole, Barton and Carthusian Monks
Barton
Had a vision of Virgin Mary while suffering from a mental illness
Under spiritual guidance of Dr Edward Bocking
Had prophecies against the marriage to Anne Boleyn
Claimed Henry would lose the throne within a month in 1533 and Bocking's plan to publish a book of her prophecies forced Cromwell into action
King's agents spread rumours that she suffered from mental illnesses and she had had sexual relations with priests
Hanged in 1534 along with 5 of her chief supporters (4 were priests)
Went to court without trial
Carthusian Monks
Members of the Carthusian monastic
Founded in 1084
The London Charterhouse was dissolved and its members imprisoned and later executed in 1537 during the English Reformation
Between 1535-1540, 18 monks were put to death
Refusing the oath resulted in being sent to Newgate prison
Some monks were hung, drawn and quartered
Recognised as martrys
Pole
Becomes the Archbishop of Canterbury during Mary's reign
Offered Archbishop of York by Henry 8th (removed Wolsey) if he could secure divorce from Catherine - Pole refused
English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church prior to the BwR
Tried to undo the BwR after 1536 which led to the execution of his mother in 1541
Seen as the leader of the opposition against Henry
Made the Act of Supremacy (which removed the Pope from power and made Henry Supreme Head of the Church) to attack the Defence of the Unity of the Church created by Pole
The suggestion to marry Mary I to Philip II of Spain which challenged the Oath of Succession and increased Catholic influence
Openly attacked the marriage in court
Pole aided the Pilgrimage of Grace
Henry arrested and executed Pole's brother in 1539
Pilgrimage of Grace
Causes
Motives
Religious
Anger rose as a church abided by Government rules
Straight after monasteries closed
Authorities closed the local church
Abolition of Holy Day
#
Economic/political
Taxes on marriage
#
Money taken from churches and given to Henry
Aragonese faction angry
Nobility lost lots of land
Royal fee introduced
Social
A priest preached support for the rebels in the presence of the King's army. He was hanged on the spot in
1536
People did not think that they were being supported by the church
Events
Consequences
Disssolution of The Monasteries 1536
Motives
Chronology
How Cromwell maintained control
Legal changes
All adult males were forced to swear to the terms of the Oath of Succession Act
High treason to rebel against royals
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Act of Supremacy
Making examples of competitors
Erasing the Pope's name from prayer books
Aided Henry in sacking Pope Clement /Cardinal Wolsey
Arrest of Elizabeth Barton and her supporters
Public image
Recognised the press as the mass media of Tudor England
Told recipients that they were 'specially elected and chosen'
Legal changes + examples of competitors
Act Extinguishing the Authority of the Bishop of Rome
Act of Six Articles
Clergy had to swear the of Oath of Succession and Supremacy
Oath of Succession
Submission of the Clergy
Act of Payment of First Fruits
Commanded bishops, nobility and JPs to imprison clergy who continued to preach papal authority
How did the Reform parliament assist the downfall of Anne Boleyn?
She was not removed as a member of the opposition to the BwR. She was pro-reform
Removed due to the level of threat that she was seen to pose to the succession
Investigated for high treason in 1536 when the court was trying to maneuver the marriage onto Jane Seymour
Jan 1536
- miscarried a 'deformed foetus'
Henry thought it was God's wrath for divorcing Catherine and he would forever be denied sons by Anne
The court presented Jane Seymour as bait to assist the downfall of Anne
Suggested her acts of incest and multiple adultery with people in the privy chamber
17th May 1536
- Anne's brother along with 4 members of the court were executed
Pink stems = How Cromwell dealt with the opposition
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