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Voluntary movement (What brain areas are involved (Metaanalyses…

- - - - M1
        
        executes motor commands
        
        to spinal cord
        
        final common path of voluntary action
      - preSMA
        
        goes to SMA and M1
        
        gets input from BG and PFC
        
        stronger activation for self-paced action
        
        early part of readiness potential
        
        if stimulated, produces urge to move
        
        in strong stimulation it actually moves
      - initiating action
      - BG/PFC
        
        preSMA
        
        SMA
        
        M1
    - - sensory guidance of action
      - M1, parietal lobe, premotor cortex
      - choosing between action alternatives
      - sensory cortex
        
        parietal
        
        premotror
        
        M1
  - - - akinetic mutism
        
        reduction in spontaneous behavoir
      - can still learn from feedback
        
        reinforcement learning
    - - ACC supports the selection and execution of coherent behaviors over extended periods
      - Use Hirarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) to explain theory
        
        increased computational efficiency over RL
        
        looks at option level io primitive actions
        
        more overall
        
        goal states
        
        initiation states
        
        triggers
        
        ACC is responsible for option selection and maintenance
        
        Old model?
        
        motor cortex (dorsal striatum) exectute options
        
        ventral striatum evaluates
        
        DLPFC provides top-down singal to dorsal striatum to facilitate current action
        
        OFC gives ventral striatum information about goals
        
        1 more item...
        
        New proposed model
        
        ACC selects/mainains options according to HRL
        
        decides what tasks to preform and directs DLPFC
        
        Dopamine (too detailed)
        
        phasic
        
        Working memory
        
        tonic
        
        flexibility and task switching
        
        ACC-DA interface
        
        mediates effortful behavoir
        
        OFC evaluates the subgoals and sends this to VS
  - - - coordinate complex behavoir
    - - Activation likelihood estimation
    - - traditional executive functions are supported by PFC related cognitive control network
      - activation pattern in executive functions
        
        DLPFC, ACC, parietal regions
        
        EF are modular
    - - 193 neuroimaging studies of executive functions
      - Task related increases in connectivity between DLPFC and network?
      - ACC
        
        support cognitive control by detecting conditions
        
        Reports to DLPFC
        
        parietal also reports to DLPFC
        
        shift attentional focus
      - frontal-cingulate-parietal-subcortical cognitive control network is consistently recruited across a range of traditional executive function tasks
    - - DLPFC
        
        task switching
      - ACC
        
        conflict monotoring
- - - - language
        
        I is distinct from brain and body but causes both to move
    - - from simple reflexes to voluntary action
      - intermediate
        
        stop and go signal
    - - hard to study
    - - intention
        
        planning to do something
      - agency
        
        action has caused a external event
    - - exploratory behavior
      - random behavoiral noise
      - conditioned responding
      - goal directedness
        
        teleological pull
        
        link between cognitive representations of goal and interna motor signals
        
        2 ways
        
        evoking an external goal
        
        select between actions by evoking extrenal effects
  - - - conscious intention 206ms before muscle activity
      - preparatory brain activity 1s before movement
      - objection
        
        real voluntary act is to join experiment
        
        unreliable estimates of conscious experience
  - - - ghost in the machine
    - - common cause
    - - long-range thougths about future
      - immediate feelings of being about to do something
- - - - new action or modification
      - Why action
        
        Failing in current action
        
        new reason
        
        general drive
    - - goal selection
        
        dysexecutive syndrome
        
        preSMA
        
        suppress automatic responding
        
        keeping focused on goal
        
        caudal
        
        voluntary selection between tasks
        
        rostral
        
        switching between selections
      - 2 forms
        
        selecting between geals
        
        selecting between movements
      - movement selection
        
        reach for object
        
        parietal
        
        premotor
        
        dorsal visumotor
        
        left-right decisions
        
        frontopolar cortex, preSMA, rostral cingulate, M1
        
        guiding behavior
        
        lateral pfc
    - - final predictive check and veto
        
        comparing output of predictive foreward model with a goal description
      - veto
        
        anterior frontomedian cortex, rostral to preSMA
        
        anterior insula
    - - in self-paced action
        
        preSMA and
        
        timing
        
        DLPFC