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The skeleton, joints and muscles (Muscles (Most muscles are voluntary…
The skeleton, joints and muscles
The skeleton
The human skeleton can be split into 2 parts, the Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton.
The Axial Skeleton is the central core of the human body, housing and protecting the vital organs. The Axial Skeleton consists of 80 bones and has 2 functions:
- support and protection
- area of attachment for muscles.
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The Appendicular Skeleton is divided into 6 major regions:
- Pectoral Girdles
- Arm and Forearm
- Hands
- Pelvis
- Thigh and Legs
- Feet and Ankles
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Function of the skeleton
Produce movement, attachments for muscles
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Joints
Hinge Joints
- Allows the joint to move like a leaver
- Covered by cartilage
- Contains synovial fluid
Fixed Joints
- The joint is where all the bones are fused together
- Example is the skull
Ball and Socket Joints
- Allows the joint to rotate 360 degrees
- Covered by cartilage
- Contains synovial fluid
Pivot Joints
- Allows 360 degree movement
- Muscles limit the movement
- Covered in cartilage
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Bones
There are 5 types of bone:
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- long bones
- short bones
- sesmoid bones
Long bones
- Long bones are the bones in the body that allow gross movements
- They are some of the largest bones in the body but also the smallest
- Examples: Femur, Humerus and Phalanges
Short bones
- Short bones are short bones that provide support and stability with little movement
- Examples: Carpals and Tarsals
Irregular bones
- Irregular bones don't apply to any of the other categories due to their shape
- Examples: Vertebrae and Mandible
Sesmoid bones
- Sesamoid bones are short or irregular bones that are found in a tendon
- They are bones that protect the tendons that pass over a joint
- Example: Patella
Flat bones
- Flat bones are (as they sound) strong flat plates of bone
- The function is to provide protection for the internal organs and to be the base for muscular attachment
- Examples: Scapular, Cranium, Pelvis and Ribs
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Joints and Tendons
Joints
- A joint is a point in the body where two or more bones meet
- They allow a point of movement in the body
Tendons
- Tendons is a flexible cord of strong fibrous tissue
- They attach bone to muscle
- The thickest tendon in the body is the Achilles tendon