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Urinary/ Fluids (Definitions (Acidosis/Acidemia (metabolic acidosis…

- - - - aldosterone hyposecretion
      - renal failure
      - acidosis
      - decreased insulin
    - - fast rise in K+ results in K+ diffusing into cells which alters resting membrane potential
      - slow rise in K+ inactivates Na+ channels, action potentials impaired
    - - nausea
      - vomiting
      - diarrhea
      - can be asymptomatic or may show nausea, fatigue, muscle weakness
  - - - vitamin D deficiency
      - diarrhea
      - pregnancy
      - lactation
      - hyperthyroidism (increased calcitonin)
    - - overexcitability of muscles and nerves
    - - numbness
      - tingling
      - muscle spasms
      - increased heart rate
  - - - diuretic abuse
      - aldosterone hypersecretion
      - chronic vomiting
      - diarrhea
    - - cells hyperpolarized; results in interference with neuron and muscle function
    - - nausea
      - numbness
      - muscle weakness
      - decreased/irregular heart rate
  - - - hyperparathyroidism
      - hypothyroidism (decreased calcitonin)
      - bone loss from cancer
      - immobilization
    - - interferes with normal muscle and nerve function
      - causes underexcitability of muscles and nerves
    - - may be asymptomatic
      - muscles weakness
      - fatigue
      - confusion
      - abnormal heart rhythms
  - - - dehydration
      - diabetes insipidus (hyposecretion of ADH)
      - administration of IV saline
    - - Cell shrinkage
      - neurologic impairment
      - excess fluid causing high BP or edema
    - - confusion
      - coma
      - paralysis of breathing muscles
  - - - impaired elimination of CO2 by respiratory system
      - caused by decrease in breathing rate or impaired gas exchange at respiratory membrane
      - PCO2 in arterial blood becomes elevated above 45 mm Hg
    - - injury to respiratory center
      - disorders of nerves or muscles involved with breathing
      - airway obstruction
    - - results from accumulation of fixed acid
      - decrease in HCO3-
      - arterial blood levels of HCO3- falls below 22 mEq/L
      - Causes
        
        increased production of metabolic acids
        
        decreased elimination of acid due to renal dysfunction
        
        increased elimination of HCO3- as a result of diarrhea
  - - - excessive water intake
      - hypersecretion of ADH
      - severe diarrhea
      - burns
      - excessive sweating
    - - cell swelling
      - decrease in blood volume and BP
    - - nausea
      - lethargy
      - confusion
      - headache
  - - - PCO2 decreases to levels below 35 mm Hg due to increase in respiration
      - faster breathing due to:
        
        severe anxiety
        
        individual not receiving enough oxygen
        
        aspirin overdose
    - - arterial blood levels of HCO3- exceeds 26 mEq/L
      - Causes
        
        loss of H+ or increase in HCO3-
        
        vomiting
        
        increased loss of acids by kidneys with overuse of diuretics
        
        increased alkaline input from consuming large amounts of antacids
- - - - basement membrane of glomerulus
        
        porous
        
        restricts passage of large plasma proteins
        
        allows small structures to come through
      - visceral layer of glomerular capsule
        
        slits restrict passage of most small proteins
      - endothelium of glomerulus
        
        fenestrated
        
        allows plasma and dissolved substances to be filtered
        
        restricts passage of large structures (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets)
    - - proteins of intermediate size aren't filtered
    - - water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some hormones, water-soluble vitamins, ketones
    - - formed elements (blood cells, platelets), large proteins