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KQ1; werethe peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair? (How did GER react to…
KQ1; werethe peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair?
how was Paris PC organised?
lasted 12 months
Jan 1919-Jan 1920
32 nations were supposed to be represented
conference of victors
under chairmanship of Clemenceau
council of USA,Britain, France, Italy and Japan
Big three- USA, GB, France
public mood in 1919
remaining bitterness + hatred
big 3 under pressure to deal severely with GER
GB + FR believed that GER was responsible
GB lost 750,000, borrowed £9bil,and Lloyd George had been elected through slogans such as hang the Kaiser
FR had lost 1.5 mill men, NE FR devastated,
demands for harshness on Germany following Brest-Litovsk (USSR-GER) treaty in 1918
Aims of Big 3
France
Clemenceau
Tough, uncomprimising
Cripple Germany so they couldn't attack again
compensation for damage to land, industry + people
Return of Alsace-Lorraine
weaken Germany by
taking land
reducing army
reparations
de-voloution of GER
Should loose all colonies
lose Rhineland, Saar, Upper Silesia, Danzig + E Prussia
USA
Woodrow Wilson
idealist and reformer
organise "eternal peace"
punish Germany, but don't cripple them
strengthen democracy
League of Nations
co-operation
self determination
fourteen points
Britain
Lloyd George
Realist
middle ground between US and FR
Punish Germany, but not too harshly
confiscate GER colonies + Navy
strengthen British Empire
begin trading relationship
remove GER threat to GB
didn't fully support Wilson's 14 points
didn't want free access to seas
Why did the ToV punnish GER?
it was expected for the victors to punish
Clause 231 identified GER as the reason the war started, so they should be punished
Germany took the first major action of the war
Germany had caused huge damage in FR + BELG
the Germans had punished the French (1871), and the Russians ( Brest-Litovsk, 1918) so could expect the same
Terms of the TOV
War Guilt Clause
article 231
Reparations
£6.6 billion in 1921
Germany would pay them till 1984
Territory
Alsace-Lorraine to FR
Eupen + malmedy to BELG
northern Schleswig to Denmark (Plebiscite)
Saar run by league for 15 years, then plebiscite
W Prussia, Upper Silesia + Posen to POL
Danzig, Free LoN city
union of GER + AUS forbidden
Mandates + plebiscites
mandates
territory taken from defeated power and controlled by LoN
most controlled by GB + FR, some by SA, NZ, AUST, JAP
GER E AFR to GB, GER SW AFR to SA, SYR to FR, IRQ to GB,
plebiscites
A popular vote taken to determine to which country an area of land will go
N Schleswig to Denmark,
Why did GER sign ToV?
GB + FR threatened to continue war if not signed
GER could no longer fight
GB naval Blockade
GER afraid that continuing war would lead to Com uprising
GER running out of resources
How did GER react to signing ToV?
lost 10% of land, 12.5 % of population, 16% of its coalfields, 50% of its iron + steel industry, 100% of colonies
anger at clause 231
Reparations threatened to destroy an allready struggling GER econ
Disarmement upset Germans as they were a proud militaristic nation
loss of territory came as a blow to pride, espc with Empire
felt unfairly blamed
Stab in the back myth + November Criminals
anger at lack of GER representation at Paris
initially refused to sign
anger at hypocracy- not self determination for all Germans
were the Germans right to resent ToV?
fair
many believe that GER woukd have been equally harsh
harsh but less harsh than Brest-litvsok
German economic problems were partly their fault
unfair
reparations too severe
Clemenceau wasn't an impartial chairman
limiting GER armed forces created unemployment + social unrest
clause 231
Germans not represented at Paris
Impact of ToV on Germany,
made Ebert + new gov V unpopular
resulted in occupation of Ruhr, which resulted in Hyperinflation
Could ToV be justified at the time
yes
most non- Germans thought it was fair
a more generous treaty was unacceptable by FR + GB public
best of a tough situation
how successfull were the peacemakers?
success
made progress in giving self determination
at the time it seemed about right
most felt it wasfair
fail
meant that Germany wanted revenge
failed in central europe and created social unrest
Austrian economy collapsed
treaty punished German people, not leaders
was wrong to solely blame Germany
How far did Wilson achieve his aims?
some new states were created for Self-determination
strengthening of democracy partially acheived through Weinmar Government
failed to pass all 14 points e,g ressistance from GB on freedo of seas + colonies
failed to calm Clemenceau
why was Clemnceau disapointed with ToV
unified Germany still existed
Reparations didn't come in till 1921
lost public suppourt, due to ToV being too weak
felt GER had too big an army
why did FR struggle to acheive their aims at the Paris talks
what they wanted was too harsh GB + US
demands extreme due to public pressure
US felt FR was being revengeful not peaceful
other treaties
St Germain
Austria
reparations
Austro-hungarian empire broken up
land to; Czechoslovakia, Bos+Herz, Yugoslavia
austrian industry to CZS
Italy felt they should have been granted more land
disarmement
Trianon
Hungary
lost land
lost alot of industry + resources
supposed to pay reparartions but econ collapsed
dis-armement
recognise independent natuons
Neuilly
lost territory
reparations
Bulgaria
treated less harshly
Lausanne
with Turkey following break up of ottoman empire (sevres 1920)
Sevres
ottoman empire
formalised break up of empire
loss of land
loss of control of sections of ocean
dis-armement
why was Danzig discussed?
had been thriving German port
would go to Poland, but this worried peacemakers due to Danzig's Prussian pop
couldn't decide what to do, so placed it under league control
impact of treaties on E EU
new nations; CZS, POL, YUGO,
CZS;
from AUS-HUG
Industrial
contained GER, SLO, CZ, GER, HUG, POL, UKR
POL
watchdog on GER
comunist barrier
no natural frontiers --> vulnerable
30% of pop non POL
given Polish corridor to sea, split up GER
YUGO
merged SER with AUS-HUG
meant to bring stability to Balkans
why did ToV cause GER problems
social unrest
cause blaming of Weinmar Gov
failed rep payments
Ruhr
hyperinflation
reperations meant GER couldn't recover
lost industry which prevented recovery
dis-armement caused security + unemployment issues
how far had GER accepted the ToV by 1923?
the government had accepted and signed it
Industry accepted it and just got on with it, by 1923 GER produced more steel than GB
people didn't accept that they had lost the war, so turned to leaders such as Hitler
many felt it punished the ordinary people not the leaders
German army blamed Weinmar Gov, Stab in the back