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Urban Issues Challenges in the UK (Challenges in London (Urban Sprawl…
Urban Issues Challenges in the UK
Urban growth in cities
London is the largest economic market, connects UK to Europe
SE has largest growth
High tertiary and quaternary jobs
Few cities in the north have urban growth, some places such as York due to tourism
Northern cities have jobs such as mining
De-industrialisation
Large cities in the north had industries using raw materials
Population change in London
Population grew in 1940 due to industrialisation (docks, building)
1940 to 1990 population decreased due to de-industrialisation
Unemployment increased
Mid 1990's population increased
Tertiary and quaternary jobs
Population structure in London
Lower proportion of elderly
Leave London when they retire to a quieter place
Counterurbanisation
High proportion of young people
High number of jobs and high pay
Immigration for jobs
Birth rate increases
More 20-40 year olds natural increase is higher
The national and international importance of London
Original importance
River crossing and port
Centre of trade
Manufacturing around the port
Modern day importance
Transport hub (Heathrow)
Has 2nd most important financial center in the world
Wealth from Foreign Investment
Headquarters of TNCs
Center of media, education, culture, entertainment and tourism
Opportunities in London
Multi-cultural
One of the most diverse places in the world
Less than half Londers are British
37% of Londoners are born outside of the UK
Migrants are attracted to London
Attracted to jobs
Cultural diversity enriches London life
Food, carnivals, music
Recreation and entertainment
Sports
West End, Leciester Square, Notting hill Carnival
Culture/entertainment
Wembley, Wimbledon, Twickenham
Tourism
London Eye, Buckingham Palace, Museums, Tower Of London, Galleries
Employment and investment
Generates 22% of UKs GNI
Leader of teriary and quatenray jobs
Lots of job opportunities
Bggest growth in jobs
Integrated public transport system
Huge railway network
Tube, crossrail
Airports
Heathrow, Gatwick
Easy to pay for
Oyster cards
Urban greening
Increase amount of green space in the city
Produce habitats and space
Rooftop gardens
Maintaining current green spaces
Cleaning and improving
New development plans
SHOREDITCH
Urban regeneration
The Olympic Park, Lower Leas Valley
Social issues such as crime increased
Factories were left derelict
Lack of jobs so less money and poor quality of life
De-industrialisation led to high unemployment
School achievement decrease
Depression and social impacts
Olympic Park
Ineffective
A desirable place increases rent prices
Rare and important wildlife was lost
Only 2,800 out of 8,000 houses are affordable
Olympics produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2
Annual rail fares are unaffordable
Regeneration scheme didn't reduce unemployment rates
Employment increase was only during Olympics not now
Effective
Employment increase, money, quality of life, tax
Affordable housing, efficient houses, better quality of life
New green space, 4,000 trees, new biodiversity, nice area, absorbs CO2
Transport links
Easily commute, potential new jobs, increase in tourists
Sustainable effective traffic management
CURITIBA, BRAZIL
Affordable
30p, affordable to all
Minibuses
Picks people from outskirts
Tube stations
People pay as they enter, saves time n bus, stops for 30 seconds
Benefits for people
Hold for 270 people, stress free, reduce health issues
Pollution
Not all buses are electric
Challenges in London
Urban Sprawl
Farming
Businesses lose money, food supplies lost, more importing, increase in CO2
Conflict
Small villages will be swallowed up, increase in prices, commute further
Habitat loss
Biodiversity ,loss
Brownfield vs Greenfield
Greenfield
More space
Close to motorways/airports easy access
Pleasant living, nicer area
Destroyed land
Worsens urban sprawl
Further commute, expense
Brownfield
In the city, reduces commute
Reduces urban sprawl, land is already built on
Expensve
Small houses
Housing
Lack of housing
Population increase due to natural increase and immigration
Increase in divorce, families split, more houses
Traffic Congestion
Frustrating to Londoners, late to work, costs money
London one of most congested places in Europe
Air Pollution
Bad
Roads and airports have high pollution
Central areas have highest pollution
Good
Outer areas of London have lots of vegetation absorbing CO2
Outer areas have less congestion and pollution
Waste
25% still goes to landfill
Unsightly, uses space, produces methane
6% of waste is incinerated
Air pollution
50% of waste is recycled
Needs to be improved
Social deprivation
Industrial decline
Unemployment
Less money
Poorer quality of life