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Why did Crusader States Survive? (Diplomacy (Help From outsiders…
Why did Crusader States Survive?
Diplomacy
Help From outsiders
Successes
Genoese troops
Helped take ports
1104 Acre with Genoese: Richest Port
1109 Tripoli by Raymond of Toulouse with Genoese
Ports crucial to financial ability b/c able to tax trade --> funding for further conquests
Military Orders
Baldwin II persuaded Hugh of Payns to become warrior monks housed in Temple of Solomon
Protected pilgrims and encouraged travellers to visit holy land = economic gain
Lots of donations to them from Europe = able to buy knights, armour and provisions --> better army and economy
Provided manpower
Sometimes acted as ambassadors (very respected) = good political role
Third wave of Crusaders
After defeat at 2nd Battle of Ramla 3rd wave and pilgrims provided great deal of man power
Raymond of Toulouse returned and took Tripoli 1109 which linked Antioch and Kingdom of Jerusalem
Linking meant easier to defend because no longer surrounded and completely separated
Failures
Failed alliance with Byzantines
After Battle of Antioch = no more alliance
Relations turned sour
Bohemond tried to lead crusade against Byzantium and failed
After death of Alexious 1118 John II
Invaded Outremer (took land in Cicilia and Armenia)
Military orders
In early period of the crusader states not very helpful
Only founded in 1119 and gained papal recognition in 1129
Role came later on and therefore did not help that much because role small
Later on = independence from Jerusalem
1139 - 45: Gained right to elect own master --> no longer under control of king
Along with special privileges meant that they can act on own initiative and undermine unity
Even with second crusade at Damascus they failed
Treatment of Muslims
Successes
Battle of Sarmin 1115
Roger of Antioch allied with Tughtegin of Damascus, Il-ghazi of Mardin and Lulu of Aleppo b/c Muslims did not want Baghdad's influence interfering in their land
Bursuq rumoured to invade Antioch
Roger of Antioch gathered army with Muslim and Frankish men - estimated to have been around 10,000 men
When Bursuq heard of the alliance he retreated - Muslims went home
Bursuq reattacked - Roger took him by surprise and won
Shared territory with Tugteghin
1109 treaty sharing profits from Terre de Seuth split into thirds
Ports
Arsuf 1101: Muslims sued for peace after 3 days of siege - Franks agreed
Caeserea 1101: did not surrender so massacred
Acre 1104: gave in to crusaders asking for same terms as Arsuf
Failures
Pissed some Muslims of During Aleppo
Baldwin taken Prisoner of Aleppo in 1123 and released in 1124 with one of the terms being becoming Aleppo's ally
Immediately went back on his word and launched a military campaign against Aleppo that Autumn
Had Muslim Allies: Sultanshah son of deceased Ridwan of Aleppo: army two thirds franks and one third Muslim
intimidation tactics of violating Muslim tombs and desecrating copies of the Quran - not liked by Muslim allies
Muslims still main threat
Sometimes seriously threatened the survival of crusader states
After Field of Blood loss of most of Antiochene nobility and man power
Field of Blood 1119
Previous alliance with Il-Ghazi didn't help because Il-Ghazi attacked under instructions from Baghdad
Success against Bursuq in Battle of Sarmin meant he was over confident
Political Leadership
Success
Controlling Faction
Tancred VS Edessa 1107
When Baldwin is released from captivity Tancred refuses to give Edessa up
Civil War over Edessa
Baldwin I says that Tancred has to give it up and can have Tiberius instead but Tancred too busy in Antioch to take it
Baldwin of Edessa is vassal of king so becomes overlord = no more powerful rival of Tancred as much
William Jordan VS Bertrand 1109
Raymond of Toulouse dies and William (nephew) fights w/ Betrand (son) over it
Betram given Tripoli and William gets Tortosa and Arqa
Bertam is vassal = Baldwin overlord of Tripoli
Baldwin II and succession
Married Melisende to Fulk to secure succession
Had 4 daughters: Melisende = eldest
Secured Succession meaning that no vying for power over this issue = more harmonious
Autocrat during first part of Reign
No one tried to take over when in captivity 1123-4
Acted as regent of Antioch after field of blood until 1126
All states recognised King as regent
Meant that did not have to deal with faction or overpowerful people = united and more likely to ally
Governing: Council of Nablus 1120
Council of ecclesiastical and secular lords
Set out laws for Jerusalem
Punished things like theft with cutting of a hand, adultery and bigamy
Law and order important because it meant that there would be less trouble later on and therefore could concentrate more on establishing and defending Outremer
Failure
Controlling Faction
Before sorting it out, Tancred and Baldwin were at war with eachother for like a year
Allied with Muslims against each other
More vulnerable to attacks
Muslims could see that they were weak
Bohemond II came to power in Antioch in 1126
Baldwin II ceded Edessa to him
Meant that Baldwin II was not longer autocrat = overpowerful rivals
Over powerful rivals
Tancred
1100 Regent of Antioch
1104 Controls Edessa as well
Military orders
1139-1145: gained right to elect own master --> didn't have to answer to King of Jerusalem
Independence and special privileges meant that they can undermine unity of king's command
Daimbert
Became Patriarch of Jerusalem
Wanted to become leader of Jerusalem and make it "the patrimony of the church"
Godfrey wanted to keep Jerusalem until his death
Godfrey died in 1100 but at that time Daimbert raiding Jaffa w/ Tancred
Baldwin was offered Jerusalem and Daimbert had to admit defeat
Joscelin
Hostility with Baldwin I b/c
Conflict With Bohemond II because Joscelin took previous Antiochine territories from Il-Bursuqi of Mosul and Bohemond refused to give Azaz even though told could have it by Roger
Baldwin came to sort it out and ill Joscelin agreed to restore property 2 Bohemond 1128
Conflict meant that Seljuks in Mosul seized Aleppo without resistance in June 1128
Muslim Disunity
Yes
Sunni-Shia split: neither empire had desire or capacity to attack franks - grateful for border between them
After 1105: Fatimids to busy at African border to defend against black African soldier rebellion (defending western frontier)
If allied --> crusaders surrounded + severely outnumbered = expelled
Emirs of Syria and Palestine usurpers after Malik Shah's death = don't want to help Baghdad because feared being overthrown
After Al-sanabra: Maudud murdered after alliance with Tugteghin of Damascus - Tugteghin blamed and never allied w/ Baghdad
1115: Openly allied with Franks against Baghdad when Bursuq invaded
Factionalism and coups in Fatimid Egypt
Al-amir overthrows Al-afdal 1121
Lots of faction during Al-amir's reign b/c Nizar Ismaili sect opposed Al-amir's Mustaali sect (split between 2) = Al-amir assassinated in 1130
1120s: Black African riots in army (berbers and Turks) = loss of land
Had to concentrate on these = not real threat after Battle of Yibneh in 1123 until rise of Saladin in 1169
No
Battle of Al-Sannabra 1113
Tripoli and Antioch both backed up Baldwin I
Feigned retreat --> unexpected charge from franks
Maudud of Mosul and Tughtegin
Muslims did want to attack and sometimes succeeded
2nd Battle of Ramla
Even when disunited still a threat
Il-ghazi beat Roger of Antioch in Field of blood in 1119
Military Skill
Success
Battle of Azaz 1125
Bursuq marched south to Aleppo to relieve during siege
Baldwin retreated w/o fight
Bursuq besieged Azaz taken in 1118 by Joscelin of Edessa
Baldwin took forces to Azaz and feigned retreat - Bursuq fell for it
Long and bloody battle = Bursuq defeated - Franks captured his camp
Crusaders managed to regain influence lost after FoB in 1119
FENDING OFF MUSLIM ATTACKS
Conquest of Ports
Generous to Arsuf
Massacre at Caeserea b/c refused to surrender
As a result of generosity to Arsuf and massacre at Caeserea, Acre taken in 1104 with same terms as Caeserea
Important for economic ability (Acre richest port) - could finance more conquests
Provided safe passage for pilgrims (=economic benefit) and crusaders/soldiers
Battle of Artah 1105
After defeat at Ramla - wanted to reassert power
besieged castle of Artah north of Antioch
Ridwan marched troops to stop Tancred
Battle - turks fell for feigned retreat --> beaten (Because of the rocky ground Tancred lead the turks to)
Was able to expand without much opposition = more power and consolidated land
Failure
Field of Blood 1119
Roger of Antioch attacked Bursuq (sent by Baghdad by surprise in 1115 --> Bursuq retreated + Roger became over confident
Il-ghazi attacked in 1119 and Roger advised to stay Arta fortress but decided to go out with 700 knights and 3000 infantry
Camped near Sarmada where thought rocky hills would be good defence - Il-ghazi's scouts found him, rocky hills made difficult escape = massacre
Significance
Antiochene nobility wipe out
loss of manpower
over confidence = bad
Harran 1104
Baldwin II of Edessa with Tancred and Bohemond launched attack on town: shows territorial ambitions and expansion still an option
Defeated by Seljuks of Mosul and Mardin = united opponents could pose serious problem to Frankish expansion
Baldwin captured = shows risk of attacks b.c can't afford to lose best men
Damascus 1129
Damascus 1129
Used 2nd Crusade to launch attack (It was not the official 2nd crusade)
Paused on way for foraging and force dispatched to find supplies - found and destroyed by Damascus troops
Defeat of foraging force and weather = retreat before even reaching Damascus
Timing: End of fighting season = bad weather
Bad timing b.c had been negotiating w/ muslims for surrender
Crusader states = Jerusalem, Tripoli, Edessa and Antioch