Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Animal Structure and Function D126-D127-D128 (Epithelial tissues…
Animal Structure and Function D126-D127-D128
Epithelial tissues
Stratified squamous
Stratified means several layers
squamous means being simple
It is like in our skin and in our selfs
Against these are areas that are scraped so theres several layers there to get down so really the meat of what it is so you've got a protection there but its not ver complex necessarily in looking at it
Simple cuboidal
it is circular
Ou see this with like the thyroid gland and some other glands in the body where they're secreting into a space and then what' secreted in that space will be sent to other areas in the body
Simple squamous
one layer of cell and you see this in blood vessels and air sacs
Where nutrients need to pass from one side to the other very easily
Stratified columnar
Column cells and then stratified meeting layers on top of layers
and then the basal membrane at the buttom
this is the things like the urethra a very long strip
They're protected well for the body
Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar
It looks it is multiple layers but it actually a cell that going on top and they are attached to the basal membrane
see in nasal passage
Simple columnar
Those are just column cells on top of the basal membrane and that is the stuff like your intestines
The way you get food from the intestinal tract into the blood supply but there's a passage way to go that protects the organism and that way stuff can't just go in and out of your blood supply
Connective tissue
Cartilage
It does have those sales in there that could look like they're hardening which is some areas as a baby you're born with cartilage and those will harden in the bones as you develop
So a strong connection here between these two but the cartilage also is there for cushioning in between joints and stuff like that so there is some space around those sales for that
Fibrous connective tissue
the long strands of cells is what you see in the tendons and ligaments and then cartilages is very similar to the bone style but it does not have those hardened rings
Adipose tissue
Adipose are cells that have these huge fat droplet storage areas that store all that fat in your body some of which is very good that need
blood
very important that connects up with various areas of the body from head to toe in the you'll have the red blood cells
The white blood cell
All of the components go to make up the blood and all of them are very important to the communication from head to toe
bone
We have the circular patterns
This is called an osteon
And the bone will be made up several of theses
you'll have these cells that will harden in that capital because that calcium in a harden gives it that hard rigid structure that the bone makes but there is some pliability there so it is not brittle becasue of the space and different things that is in there so the bone is connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
loosli sales put in there other thing in there that just help hold stuff together
They transport stuff from one area to another cushion areas
There is alot of functions at this place
Nervous tissue
We have the neuron which is the nerve cell
The neuron has the body with a nucleus dendrites around the edge up here that will receive signals and then an axon that will transmit that signal to then something and usually it releases some kind of neurotransmitter that will then be picked up by another cell like a muscle cell that does a function whatever may be the case very simple
Muscle Tissue
The first two are called striated
Skeletal muscle
Its just strips of cells that have stripes
Theses stripes go through this way
under a microscope makes them look striped
And that is where that get the neck striated and they all work together
They link together so that they will contact those muscles and these are voluntary
involuntary are cardiac muscles
The cardia muscles are forked and they will be connected with intercalated discs and the intercalated discs will cause when one reacts, they all will have to react together and that way you get that strong heart beat to get that blood everywhere it need to go
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle does not have the striations or the intercalated discs but they all work together and they are involuntary controlled
You will see smooth muscle in areas of the body like digestion
The food once you swallow it manually, it will be picked up and pushed through the rest of your digestive tract involuntary
The cells that govern those muscles are different then the cell like for in your bicep that you're thinking about move that arm
Animal Structure and Function part 2
Exchange w/ environment
Amoeba
It just diffuses molecules that it needs straight into the cell
It diffuses molecules it doesnt need straight out through the cell membrane as organisms started to get a little bit more complex and
you can see thing complexity and something like the Hydra. It's got two layers of sails an outside layer and an inside layer
It is actually a mouth part that comes down. That food can be brought into, so it has this internal area and an external layer of cells and it will diffuse both on the inside and on the outside of the cells because these two have to be in fluid environments so that it can diffuse what it meets back and forth
As organisms evolved in nature to get out of the fluid environments and live on land like us
There had to be another way for your snails to get all of the nutrients hey need since that cant just diffuse through some kind of rough exterior that surrounds the organism and keeps it protected so they have developed some type of body plan
A simplified body plan is you have a way to intake food some system of breaking that food down and then getting rid of what is left
You have some system of taking air and letting out carbon dioxide and you've got some system of getting rid of metabolic wastes and those are things that the cell no longer need
It has to get rid of and then you have to have some sort of transport of these molecules all throughout the body
Now we know that the the blood is being pumped by the heart throughout these systems
External cells don't have have to be bathed in fluid due to complex specialized internal systems
Those specialzed internal systems are things like the digestive system
The respiratory system, the circulatory system, the excretory system so on and so forth
Regulating the internal environment
Whenever we're regulating that internal environment we have to be able to survive in a world that changes and the way your body does that is process is called homeostasis that's a 'steady-state' or and internal balance
As the inside staying the same even though the outside changes and that is true although it does not hold exactly at one number, that would almost be impossible
It fluctuates so it's actually a dynamic system
It has a range and as long as it says within that range it's okay two processes that help us stay in that range
^^Negative feedback is the change, as changes happen in the environment, that causes the organism to have to respond to that. It that response causes a counter reaction to occur, then to counteract the change is taking place then that is negative feedback
So a change in your body responds to reverse the effects
^for instance, you got a sign, it's hot you, start to sweat. You body can't continue to heat up. The stimulus is hot as heat. Your body would continue to heat up, it has to have a way to go the opposite direction of the stimulus
Positive feedback
The change in the environment
The organism's response amplifies the signal
One stimulus contraction causes more contractions to take place. It amplifies it and keeps going in the same direction
Bio energetic
Ectothermic
Ectothermic is warmed by the environment NOT but metabolism
This allows them to have low energy requirement because the food they eat is strictly for energy not for heat as well. So they dont have to eat as much but because of that they're in capable of intense activity over long periods of time in different environment
They may have energy to react quickly but then they're going to have a stop after a while. They can't continue to prolong that activity. They also have to be in a particular environments, because of that (and we see this with fish, amphibian, reptiles, and vertebrates)
Endothermic
The body is warmed by heat generated by metabolism
So as your body's doing all the things it does, it releases heat. Your body is able to take that heat and use it to keep your body temperature at a constant temperature because of that we have a very high energy demand.
We have to consume food on a regular basis
Sustained activity in a wide range of environment
High energy requirement
Tree anatomy
The rings inside the tree
Most people think that the rings are made during each year and so you can tell the age of a tree based on the number of rings it has. But actually a tree puts down two rings in every year. It puts down a ring of Springwood and then a ring of Summerwood
The darker ring & thicker in a tree, is actually a Summer wood
It is thinner because summer does not rain as much as spring does so that is why SummerWood ring are thinner
It has small cells because it absorbs because less water are in the summer
ring and a lighter & wider ring is a from Springwood
It is wider and lighter because it has more rain in that season than a summer season
So when the tree is growing its layer of wood, it's got lots of water and going to put more h2o and lots of water mean bigger cells store the water. If there's lots of water, those cells have to be big to store it.
Hard wood vs soft wood
Hard wood tend to be a little bit more dense or the cells are more tightly packed
Like
Walnut
Oak
Soft woods are not dense so you can feel it when you pick them up that they seem to have more air in them, more air pockets
They tend to be a lot of pines
Ash and cedar too
Heart wood vs Sap wood
A heart wood has a darker centre
Sap wood is the lighter edge of the tree
compression wood
The ring themselves are visible around the centre of where the tree was growing
The more visible the ring is that is where the compression is
One side of the tree, the rings are a lot closed than the other side where it has a gap between other rings
The tree grows at an angle
And the result of that is that the rings are off centred
Tree tissues
Outer bark (Protection)
Protection from insects
Protection from cold weather
Protection from dry weather
Inner bark/phloem (moves sap downward)
Cambium (Dividing cells)
Where we get the growth of the tree where that Springwood or that Summerwood is actually forming
Wood rays (Moves sap outward)
The lines that run in perpendicular to the actual rings
Their job is to move the sap outward so that sugary watery substance that is made by the tree has to move all through the tissue, the wood rays will do that
Pith (Support)
It for support for the tree so that the centre core of tissue that gives the tree strength