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The Teaching of Listening and Speaking (8Problems (Using visual and aural…
The Teaching of Listening and Speaking
The teaching of speaking
Definition : teaching English as second language to learners
Goals and techniques
The goal of teaching listening skill is to communicative efficiency
A balanced activities approach
Language input
Content-oriented input : focuses on information and also includes description of learning strategies and example of their use
Form oriented : focuses on ways of using the language
Linguistic competence (vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar)
Discourse competence (appropriate things to say in specific context)
Sociolinguistic competence(rate of speech, pause length and turn-taking)
Strategic competence (explicit instruction in phrases to use to ask for clarification and repair miscommunication)
Structured output
Textbook exercises make good structured output activities
Focuses on correct form
Learners may have opinions which are introduced the form by teacher for responses
Communicative output
Learners may use the language that teacher presented but use different vocabulary
Accuracy is not a consideration unless the lack of it interferes with the message
The learners' main purpose is to complete a task
Obtaining information
Developing a travel plan
Creating a video
Strategies for developing speaking skills
Using minimal responses
Minimal responses are predictable, often idiomatic phrases
Participants can use minimal responses to indicate understanding, agreement, doubt to what speaker is saying
Recognizing scripts
A predictable set of spoken exchanges - a script
Greeting
Apologies
Compliment
Invitation
Other functions that are influenced by social and cultural norms
Students can practice and develop speaking ability by using scripts
Using language to talk about language
This strategy can make students to be confident to ask about clarification when they misunderstand.
Teacher will provide to teach about clarification phrases and create authentic practice environment in class.
Developing speaking activities
Structure output activities : they are more like drills than communication
Information gap activities
Filling in the gaps in a schedule or timetable
Completing the picture
Focuses on practice more than grammatical correction
Jigsaw activities
These activities are more elaborate information gap
It can be done by several partners
Students have to work together in order to fit all given pieces into a whole picture
It can be picture, sentence and students have to work on it
Communicative output activities : allow students to practice and use language in situations
Role plays
Discussion
The teaching of listening
Listening as comprehension - the traditional way of thinking about the nature of listening and based on the assumption that the main function of listening in second language learning is to facilitate understanding of spoken discourse.
Characteristics of spoken discourse
instantaneous
unplanned
fast
linear structure
different accents
etc.
Nature of listening process
Bottom-up process : a process that decoding the sounds that one hears in a linear fashion from the smallest meaningful units.
sound
stress
intonation
words
Top-down process : the listeners use prior knowledge of the content and situation which in the listening takes place to make sense of what he/she hears.
details
event of situation
relationship of speakers
Listening as acquisition or perception
sound
stress
intonation
Types of listening
Purpose for listening
the role of the listener
type of text being listened to
Characteristics of listening
Reciprocal listening
The listener needs to take part in the interaction
Nonreciprocal listening
It is a monologue that the listener does not have a chance to answer or give any response
8Problems
Hearing the sounds
Some sounds do not exist in Thai language
People cannot distinguish sounds
Understanding intonation and stress
People do not familiar with the stress and intonation
Coping with redundancy and noise
Predicting
Tone,vocabulary and grammar predict what will be said
Understanding colloquial vocabulary
Words/expressions used by common people
Used in general conversation with slang and informal e.g. wanna
Fatigue
Try to accurate all perception and interpretation of words affect great deal
Psychological phenomenon
Understanding different accents
No WRONG accents
Learn to be familiar with Brit. and Ame. accents
Using visual and aural environment clues
lack ability to use environment clues
Unable to perceive and interpret visual/stimuli
Isolate listening skill practising does not improve learners' ability
Second language acquisition theories
Behaviorism
This idea applied to language learning
Reward is for desired behavior and punishment is for undesired behavior
Language as habit
Language laboratories
Repetition
Substitution drill
Innatist cognitive approach
Built in
The brain as part dedicated to language acquisition
General cognitive function is used to acquire language
Using mental strategies
Learners are invited to analyze language, notice patterns, deduce rules and etc.
Constructivism
Learning by doing
Everyone constructs knowledge in their own unique ways
Developing cognitive capacities
Incorporating new knowledge with the existing
Creating and testing hypotheses continually
Opportunities to discover new information
Humanism
Emphasize on considering the whole person
In Mas low's hierarchy, It's difficult to fulfill the higher needs
Creating a secure learning environment
Focusing on the individual holistically
Social cultural perspectives
The context affects individuals
The individual influences the context
Scaffolding
The zone of proximal development
Working in group, discussing and negociating
Exterior rising learning learning strategies