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Population and Ecosystems (Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats…
Population and Ecosystems
Concepts
Population
an individual plant never exists in isolation
individuals of the same species
Community
coexist of numerous populations
animals, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes
Ecosystem
nonliving environment
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Habitat
set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle.
Operational Habitat
Abiotic
nonliving and are physical phenomena
climate, soil, latitude, fires, floods, etc
Biotic
living factors
plant species, fungi, animals, and prokaryotes
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
Tolerance Range
between the low and high extremes
Soil Factors
Pioneers
first plants to invade new soil
A Horizon
consists of litter and debris
upper most layer or zone of leaching
rain water washes nutrients down
B Horizon
second layer or zone of deposition
humas and clay
C Horizon
third layer
composed of parent rock and rock fragments
Figure 25-7
Latitude and Altitude
Figure 25-8
Figure 25-9
Disturbance
fires are destructive but also productive as well
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
Figure 25-12
Other Plant Species
Mutualism
both organisms benefit
Competition
if one is at a disadvantage
Competitive Exclusion
species how compete and win live, if they don't, they're eliminated
Niche
no other species is adapted to use as effectively
Ecotypes
each specialized in response to particular ecostyem factors at its locality
Transplant Experiment
Common Garden
Organisms Other Than Plants
Commensal Relationships
one species benifetes and the other is unaffected
Predation
relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed
Herbivory
Herbivores
Browsing
eating twigs, leaves of shrubs
Grazing
eating herbs
Pathogenic
fungi and bacteria
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
Limiting Factors
one factor determines the heath of the plant
Local Geographic Distribution
Random Distribution
used whenever there is no obvious, identifiable pattern to the position of individuals
Clumped Distribution
the spacing between plants is either small or large, but rarely average
Figure 25-21
Uniform Distributions
types that occur in orchards and tree plantations
all individuals are evenly spaces from their neighbors
Allelochemics
chemicals that inhibit other plants
Allelopathy
inhibition
Age Distribution: Demography
the relative proportions of young, middle-aged, and old individuals
the manner in which a population responds to various factors in its habitat
Generation Time
length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
Intrinsic of Natural Increase
"Biotic Potential"
number of offspring produced by an individual that actually live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions
Carrying Capacity
symbolized by
K
the number of individuals in each population that can live in a particular ecosytem is limited
r- and K Selection
r-selection
r-selected species
annuals or small shrubby perennials
disturbed habitat gradually changes back into crowed one that is bio longer suitable for the pioneer r species
Table 25-1
K-Selection
k-selected species
face intense competition from other plant species
adoptions increase the ability to use scarce resources are beneficial
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
the physical size and shape of the organism and their distribution in relation to each other
and physical environment
Table 25-2
Life Forms
defined by C
Figure 25-29
Species Composition
the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
depends on whether the climate is mild or stressful
if soil is rich or poor
species tolerance ranges are broad or narrow
Tropic Levels
feeding levels
Primary Consumers
herbivores
Secondary Consumers
carnivores or omnivores
Decomposers
fungi anf bacteria
break down the remains of all types of organisms
Carbon Flow
Energy Flow
Primary Producers
energy and nutrients supply or food
Figure 25-34
Figure 25-36
