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week 5: media ethics and governance (frankfurt school of thought (pop…
week 5: media ethics and governance
Normative theory
what the media should do in society rather than what they actually do (based on concepts like public interest, freedom, human rights)
expectations on media structure, conduct, performance
subjective (a lot of discussions and changing views)
1950s
2 dominant ideals
fourth estate (FREEDOM)
media is critical of government (watchdog)
media is power among themselves (4th power in society along with lord, church and commons)
idea that in order to function as a watchdog, media professionals should have complete freedom
public sphere
communication essential for public sphere
role in political life and open space for public debate (new ideas/opinion/the truth
communication is essential for harmony and peace in society
frankfurt school of thought (pop culture)
neo marxist- wealth with elite masses kept down by them
elite have created pop culture
false needs, mass communication, hype
due to economic ideologies
pop culture- uniformity, monotony, false needs
difficulties media= unlikely to act ethical bc owned by elire and used as a tool to keep masses down
birmingham school of thought
pop culture appeals to us, why it exists, and why it is the way it is
uses cultural approach
difficulties media = unethical bc have to behave like citizens and follow rules/regulations (more likely to publish inaccurate information) and no concrete set of rules (most ruthless survive
cultural approach
opposite of 'mass concept'
mass audience controlled by mass communication bc mass has political, military, and economic power
unitary model- passive audience
problem bc smart people act stupid when part of a group bc pop culture uses simple content
therefore pop culture has to be fickle bc mass has to be won over, kept busy, and entertained
pluralism model (group within mass)
main elements of cultural theory
culture is a shared experience created by communication
constantly evolving
follows patterns
trascends time & space (text, symbols & ritual acts)
social responsibility model
new system created to regulate ML
commission on freedom of press: too much power in hands of media pros
CORE PRINCIPLES
equality, diversity, culture, watchdog, change, freedom
--> applied on structure, behavior and performance, not only on media content (e.g. low prices for equal access, no censorship, universal access, competition, source freedom)
POP CULTURE BASED- one is evil and one explores it