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PE-Paper 1. 1.1-1.5 (Topic 1.5 (Long term effects of exercise…

- - - - Increase in tidal volume
      - Increase in minute ventilation
      - Increase in respiratory rate(breathing rate)
    - - Increase heart rate
      - Increase stroke volume
      - Increase in Cardiac output
    - - Increase in metabolic activity(metabolism)
      - Increase in lactic acid
      - Increase in muscular temperature
  - - - Increased vital capacity
      - More efficient gaseous exchange
      - Greater intercostal muscle strength
    - - Increase in cardiac output
      - Decrease in blood pressure(if high)
      - Cardiac hypertrophy- increase in heart size
      - Decrease in resting heart rate
      - Increased capillarisation of muscles. More capillaries produced.
    - - Increased size
      - Increased Strength
      - Increased muscular endurance
    - - Increase in bone density
      - Cartilage thickens to cushionjoints
      - Connective tissue around bones become more flexible
      - Tendons thicken and ligaments stretch- protect body from injury
  - - - This is a hormone released from the adrenal glands and its major action is to prepare the body for "fight or flight".
    - - The rise of heart rate before exercise begins. It is caused through the release of hormone adrenaline.
    - - This involves many continuous chemical processes inside the body that are essential for living moving and growing. The number of kilojoules the body burns is regulated by the rate of metabolism
    - - The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.
- - - - Tennis- bringing arm back when performing a forehand
    - - Rugby- holding head up during a scrum
    - - Rowing-When pulling yourself forward during rowing
    - - Cricket- Movement at the shoulder when bowling
    - - Cycling- When standing up and sitting down
    - - Rugby- when tackling opponents, used to hold onto them
    - - Football/Rugby-Extending leg out when kicking a football/rugby ball
    - - Boxing- when flexing the arms to shield face(flexing arm)
    - - Cycling-bending f leg when peddling
    - - Boxing- when throwing a punch in boxing(extending arm)
    - - Diving- Standing on tip toes before diving
  - - - Muscles you do not have control of
      - It works without you controlling it or being aware of it.
      - They are found in and around organs such as the intestines
    - - Special type of muscle that forms the walls in the heart chambers.
      - It is a involuntary muscle and contracts without conscious thought or effort
      - As long as the heart is healthy, cardiac muscles never get tired.
    - - Voluntary muscles are ones you have control of
      - They are attached to bones
      - Muscles that receive signals from your brain via your central nervous system.
      - For example bending down before throwing a shot-put will send a message to your quadriceps via the central nervous system
  - - - A muscle that works with others to stablise the origin of the prime mover. E.g the trapezius contracts to stabilise the origin of the biceps
    - - Perform or help perform the same set of joint motion as the agonists. Synergist muscles act on movable joints.
    - - The end of the muscle attached to the bone that actively moves
    - - The end of the muscle that is stable, not moving
- - - - Bones protect vital organs, for example the cranium protects the brain.
    - - RBC: carries oxygen to vital organs. WBC: fighting infections and disease. Platelets: clot cuts, clot when tissue is damaged.
    - - Bones allow us to function mechanically. Bones provide attachment for muscles.
    - - Fat found in yellow marrow, important in muscular contraction, allows normal functions of all cells and organs. (Potassium and calcium)
    - - Structure, muscles attach to bones. Keeping the correct posture.
  - - - Reduces friction. Absorbs shocks.
    - - Makes synovial fluid
    - - Supplies nutrients, lubricants(reducing friction) removes microbes and debris.
    - - Flexibility, tensile strength.
  - - - This is a turning or rotational movement of a limb or body part.
    - - Moving a limb away from the centre line of the body.
    - - Straightening or extending a limb. Decreasing the angle between two joints
    - - Moving a limb towards the centre line of the body.
    - - Bending or flexing a limb. Increasing the angle between two joints.
    - - The ability of a limb to be moved in full circles.
  - - - Is a connective tissue that's important because it provides support, but is less rigid than bone. It also allows flexibility of movement, but is more stable than muscle.
    - - Tendons are strong strips which attatch muscle to bone. When a muscle contracts to move a joint, it is the tendon that pulls on the bone.
    - - Is a tough fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone forming a joint. The primary function of a ligament is to prevent movement that might damage a joint
- - - - Lever arm- bones act as a lever
      - Pivot- joints act as pivots
      - Effort- muscles provide the effort to move loads
      - Load- load forces are often the weight of the body parts that are moved or forces needed to lift, push or pull things.
    - - FLE
      - 1st class
        
        Player heading the ball. Fulcrum= joint between head and first vertebra.
        
        Load= weight of head and ball
        
        Effort=muscles attached to cranium
      - 2nd class
        
        Load= weight of body
        
        Effort= gastrocnemius
        
        Diver standing on tiptoes, before they dive. Fulcrum= metatarsophalangeal joint.
      - 3rd class
        
        Load=weight of forearm , wrist and radius.
        
        Effort= bicep muscles when flexing
        
        The elbow joint when performing a bicep curl.. Fulcrum is the elbow.
  - - - Runs vertically and divides the body in sections, between front and back. Movements in this plane are sideways movements of abduction and adduction.
      - The action at the hip during the breast stroke leg action in swimming.
    - - The transverse plane divides the body into upper section and lower. Movements in this plane are rotational.
      - The arm action(circumduction) when bowling in cricket with rotation at the shoulder joint.
    - - Splits the body vertically into left and right sides. Movements in this plane are the up and down movements of flexion and extension.
      - For example the hop in triple jump.
  - - - Abduction/adduction
      - Transverse axis(side to side)
      - Star jump
    - - Rotation
      - Longitudinal axis(top to bottom)
      - Pirouette in dance
    - - flexion/extension
      - Frontal axis(front of back)
      - Cartwheel
- - - - MINUTE VENTILATION-volume of air you breathe in one minute
      - TIDAL VOLUME- the volume of air that is inspired or expired per breath
      - BREATHING RATE-frequency of breathing measured in breaths per minute
  - - - ANAEROBIC EXERCISE-without oxygen
        Being able to exercise without the use of oxygen
        instead glycogen within the muscles is used as fuel
        anaerobic exercise produces short-term bursts of energy and does not require oxygen
        during anaerobic exercise the body produces lactic acid(builds up in muscles and causes pain and fatigue)
        high intensity,short duration
      - AEROBIC EXERCISE-oxygen
        the ability to continuously exercise without tiring
        oxygen is carried through your body to the muscles helping provide energy to them to sustain effort
        long duration,low intensity
- - - - double circulatory system-blood in the body continuously flows through a network of blood vessels that forms a double circuit.This circuit connects the heart to the lungs and then the heart to the other organs in the body.
        
        systemic system transports blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
        
        pulmonary system transports blood between the heart and the lungs
      - Red blood cells consist of -Erythrocytes are red blood cells containing haemoglobin(iron rich protein that transports oxygen in the blood)
        Function- transport oxygen to cells around the body, deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs
        
        White blood cells consist of- Leucocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes(platelets)
        function- combat infection and help the blood clot
        
        The 3 main types of blood vessel
        
        VEINS-transport blood to the heart
        
        .Thin outer wall .Thin inner layer of muscle .Wide central tube(lumen)
        .Have a low blood pressure
        .valves stop the backflow of blood
        
        CAPILLARIES- allow waste products and nutrients to pass through
        
        .wall only one cell thick
        
        ARTERIES-transport blood away from the heart
        
        .Thick outer wall
        .thick inner layer of muscle
        .narrow central tube (lumen)
        .have a high blood pressure
        vasodilation-when arteries increase in diameter vasoconstriction-when arteries decrease in diameter
    - - vena cava-brings de-oxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
      - pulmonary artery-takes de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
      - Aorta-takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
      - pulmonary vein-brings oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
      - VALVES stop the backflow of blood,they ensure blood can only flow in one direction and only work one way.Backflow can cause death and heart attacks due to clots
        
        bicuspid valve-valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
        
        semilunar valves-the collective term for aortic and pulmonary valves
        
        aortic valve-valve between left ventricle and aorta
        
        pulmonary valve-valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
        
        tricuspid valve-valve between right atrium and right ventricle
      - septum-muscular wall separating the pump systems
    - - varies depending on-
        . amount of blood returning to heart
        .elasticity of the ventricles
        .contractility of the ventricles