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Instrumental music of the Classical Period (Sonata form (Exposition…
Instrumental music of
the Classical Period
Chamber Music
String Quartets
Violin I typically plays melody
Violin II plays countermelody or in parallel with melody
Viola + Cello fill in harmony
4 movements
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Woodwind Quartets
Composers added instruments to form quintets, septets etc
Eg. Wind quintet = flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, French horn
Examples
Haydn
Op.76 No.1 1797
Mozart
Op.14 1782
Beethoven
Septet Op.20 1800
String Quartet Op.59 No.1 1808
Sonata
Solo piano or solo instrument with piano accompaniment
Commonly uses 3 movements
Fast, slow, fast
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Allegro - Sonata form
Andante - may be a theme + variations or abridged sonata form/sonata rondo form
Presto -
Possible 4th movement: dance movement before slow movement
May only use 2 movements
Examples
Haydn
Piano sonata 1780
Mozart
Piano Sonata No.1 1774
Beethoven
Appassionata 1804-05
Concerto
Solo instrument or small group with orchestra
Often uses melody + accompaniment texture
Music of the solo part became highly idiomatic + virtuosic
3 movements
Fast, slow, fast
Often in concerto sonata form
Includes double exposition
(Orchestra in tonic then soloist)
Often includes a solo cadenza near end
Improvisation based on 1st mov themes
Lyrical movement
Often ABA structure
Often in rondo form,
sometimes minuet
or sonata-rondo
Examples
Haydn
Trumpet concerto 1796
Mozart
Clarinet concerto 1791
Symphony
4 movements
Presto 44 (fast)
Often sonata rondo form
ABACABA
Minuet + Trio 34 -> Scherzo 34or38
Dance-like movement
Andante 44 (slow)
Rounded binary or altered sonata form
Often in subdominant or other related key
Allegro 44 (fast) - Sonata form
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Orchestra
Examples
Beethoven
No.9 - choral symphony 1822-24
Use of choir + orchestra
Huge orchestration, structure and complexity
No.6 - pastoral 'programme symphony' 1808
No.1 - early chamber symphony 1801
No.3 'Eroica' 1803 (1st movement)
Haydn
No.6 'Le Matin' 1761
Mozart
No.41 'Jupiter' 1788
Sonata form
Exposition
First subject - Tonic
Transition - Modulating
Second subject - Dominant
Codetta - Confirms key
Development
Uses any existing themes
Recapitulation
Exposition themes but not modulating
Coda
Optional - Tonic
Introduction
Long + Slow
Harmony
Primary Harmony
I IV V
Controlled dissonance
Functional diatonic harmony
Modulates to closely related keys
Orchestra
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Strings,
2 horns, 2 trumpets,
2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 clarinets,
timpani
More mechanised instruments
Industrial Revolution
Mass production of instruments + information
Brass instruments gained valves
Woodwind instruments used rod+key mechanism
Extended piano range
Lead to piano concertos
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Composers
Haydn
1732-1809
Born in Austria
Lives in Hungary
Worked for traditional aristocratic court
Prince Esterhazy
Had his own orchestra
Spent time as a Kappelmeister
104 symphonies
80 string quartets
+concertos, keyboard works etc
Mozart
1756-1791
Born in Austria
Child prodigy
Travelled + worked with his father playing/composing
Encountered many musical traditions
1769 appointed concert meister to archbishop in Salzburg
Still travelled + worked internationally (building reputation)
Went freelance - performer/teacher/composer
Not writing for specific occasions
Not all works published/performed in his lifetime
Over 600 compositions
Beethoven
1770-1827
Born in Austria
1770-1802
Organist
Freelance teacher/performer/composer
Dedicated works to patrons
1802-1813
Starts to go deaf->depression->retreats into "inner world"
Very productive + produces most famous works
1813-1827
Intense + traumatic events in personal life
->More dramatic music