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BIOL-700 NEWS Reading (Glossary (Geology (Estuary, Eutrophic lake,…

- - - - Carbon Reduction Commitment ?
    - - advantages
        
        clays extract from nature
        
        take some contaminants away
        
        create an environment: let bacteria grow
        & also take some contaminants away
        
        NO secondary pollution
  - - - arsenic
      - acids
      - lead
      - Mercury
        
        from
        
        fluorescent light bulbs
        
        cause
        
        harm our kidneys
        
        respiratory failure
      - electronics
      - SOLUTION
        
        synthetic membranes to prevent contaminants leak.
        
        toxins are collected by pipes > a sewer system > incinerated/ fertilized.
    - - Methane :skull:
      - Carbon Dioxide (CO2) :skull:
      - Organic Acids :skull:
      - Alcohols :skull:
      - Aldehydes :skull:
      - MORE :skull:
      - SOLUTION
        
        Biological Treatment
        
        Chemical-Physical Processes
    - - Organic materials
        
        food scraps
        
        yard waste
        
        break down anaerobically
        
        Methane :skull:
        
        wreaks havoc toward atmosphere
        
        flammable
      - SOLUTION
        
        membrane catch methane in liquid form
        
        NOT 100%
        
        Open window/ Tunnel composting
        
        aerobic digestion, without generates methane
        
        In-vessel composting
        
        closed space for break down.
        
        capture methane and make it for energy
  - - - chemicals that are not originally found in nature
    - - industrial Activity:
        
        mining and manufacturing
        
        the by products
        
        not disposed off properly and safely
      - Agricultural Activities:
        
        pesticides and fertilizers
        
        chemicals
        
        cannot be broken down by nature
        
        mix with water > seep into the ground > slowly reduce the fertility of the soil.
        
        damage the composition of the soil > erode more easily by water and air.
        
        Plants absorb pesticides > they cause soil pollution when decompose (vicious cycle).
      - Waste Disposal:
        
        the sewers systems
        
        personal waste (urine and feces)
        
        toxic biological wastes (ex. diapers) because we are toxic.
      - Accidental Oil Spills:
        
        storage and transport of chemicals
        
        oil leak
        
        soil > groundwater > water pollution
      - Acid Rain:
        
        pollutants in the air mixes up with the rain
        
        change the soil structure
    - - Effect on Health of Humans:
        
        Crops > animals > humans
        Crops > humans
      - Effect on Growth of Plants:
      - Decreased Soil Fertility:
      - Toxic Dust:
      - Changes in Soil Structure:
  - - - Industrial Wastes
        
        textile industries
        
        sewage sludge
        
        lead
        
        copper
        
        chromium
        
        Cadium
        
        boron
        
        disposed into river
        
        :skull: irrigate :ear_of_rice:
        
        :small_red_triangle_down: soil productivity
        
        1 more item...
      - Agricultural Wastes
        
        cadmium
        
        phosphate fertilizer
        
        intensive agriculture
        
        weather & environment
        
        Indonesia: high rainfall + rapid leaching
        
        1 more item...
        
        lead
        
        :car: petrol combustion(air pollution)
        
        :small_red_triangle: concentration near main road :railway_track::car::blue_car:
      - Mining & Smelting
        
        mercury
        
        traditional mining
        
        mud, rubble with mercury
        
        disposed into river
        
        :skull: irrigate :ear_of_rice:
      - REMEDIATION & REHABILITATION
        
        Physical
        
        Chemical
        
        Biological
        
        Plant
        
        water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)
        
        take up Pb and Cd from soil
        
        Lead :small_red_triangle_down:
        
        Cadmium :small_red_triangle_down:
        
        can grow well on contaminated soil
        
        Vetiver grass
        
        extract toxins from soil into roots
        
        Lead :small_red_triangle_down: 38-60%
        
        Cadmium :small_red_triangle_down: 35-42%
        
        can grow well on contaminated soil
        
        Zeolite
  - - - hydrological
      - erosional
      - biological
      - geochemical
    - - human eat
        
        meat & offal
        
        of grazing animals :cow2: :sheep: etc.
        
        Grazing :herb::skull:
    - - As (arsenic)
      - Cd (Cadmium) Cd in the soil > grass
      - Cu (copper)
      - Pb (lead)
      - Zn (zinc)
    - - MSW
        
        Landfill 95%
        
        incineration 5%
      - Products
        
        fungicide & herbicide As Cu Pb
    - - White mustard (Sinapis alba L.)
        
        phytotoxicity help identify ecotoxicity
      - Pinus Sylvestris
    - - Landfills
        
        location
        
        Klatovy, Czech Rebublic
        
        weather
        
        :rain_cloud: 582 mm
        
        :thermometer: 8° C
        
        landfill environment
        
        impermeable nature clay layer
        
        protective layer
        
        compact clay layer
        
        geotextile membranes
        
        gravel
        
        geomembrane
        
        non-woven fabric
        
        pulper products
        
        contents
        
        MSW
        
        scraps of paper
        
        plastics
        
        metals
        
        packing
        
        used tires
        
        textile products
        
        building materials
        
        ashes form MSW incinerators :star:
        
        non-hazardous waste
        
        material for landfill cover
        
        systems
        
        leachate treatment
        
        gas
        
        gas recovery
        
        gas collection
        
        gas treatment
      - Soil sample
        
        from landfill body
        
        Sample 4, 5
        
        from edge of landfill
        
        Sample 1, 2, 3
        
        blind sample
        
        Sample 6, 7, 8
      - Heavy metal
      - Germination Capacity
        
        25%
        
        50%
    - - phytotoxicity
  - - - Mining
      - Industrial activities
      - unsustainable farming practices
      - untreated urban waste
      - non-environmental friendly practices
    - - pollute food
      - pollute water
      - pollute air
- - - - absorb light for photosynthesis
- - - - zoo-
      - phyto-
      - zooplankton / phytoplankton
  - - - PH: ↓7
        hydrogen ion (H+) < hydroxide ion (OH-)
    - - PH= 7
        hydrogen ion (H+) = hydroxide ion (OH-)
    - - PH: ↑7
        hydrogen ion (H+) > hydroxide ion (OH-)
  - - - environmentally sustainable society
  - - - Ozone
- - - - Antarctica ice sheet
        
        sea level rise
        
        methane emission
        
        ocean currents pattern change/ disruption
        
        global fish stocks (food)
      - Extreme heat :hotsprings:
        NYTime From Heat Waves to Hurricanes: What We Know About Extreme Weather and Climate Change
        
        :small_red_triangle: :skull:
        
        :small_red_triangle_down: crop field
        
        Food shortage
        
        :small_red_triangle: heat waves
        
        deadly June heat wave, Western Europe X10 times
        
        related climate change :check:
        
        related greenhouse gas emissions :check::question:
      - Heavy rainfall :rain_cloud:
        NYTime From Heat Waves to Hurricanes: What We Know About Extreme Weather and Climate Change
        
        Warmer air can hold more water vapor
        
        stronger storm
        
        squeeze more water....
        
        :small_red_triangle: intensity
        :small_red_triangle: frequency
        
        :sweat_drops::!: the U.S.A: Northeast and Midwest
        
        related greenhouse gas emissions :check:
      - Drought :desert:
        NYTime From Heat Waves to Hurricanes: What We Know About Extreme Weather and Climate Change
        
        :small_red_triangle: intensity
        :small_red_triangle: frequency
        
        forest fire :evergreen_tree: :fire:
        
        Western United States & Alaska drier
      - Hurricane :cyclone: #
        NYTime From Heat Waves to Hurricanes: What We Know About Extreme Weather and Climate Change
      - :speaking_head_in_silhouette: Dr. Adam Sobel “It’s like trying to hear someone talk very quietly in a noisy room, It doesn’t mean they’re not talking, but you can’t hear it.”
        NYTime From Heat Waves to Hurricanes: What We Know About Extreme Weather and Climate Change
    - - Media presenting equally (at least on the appearance) both side debates.
  - - - coal
      - oil
      - natural gas
    - - fossil fuels
        
        China
        
        1/4 world’s industrial greenhouse gases
        
        :gear: rapid economic growth
        
        India
        
        Indonesia
      - :bulb: growing deployment of renewable energy
    - - Renewable energy
        
        wind :small_red_triangle: 2017
        
        solar :small_red_triangle: 2017
        
        China
        
        solar panels
        
        France & Germany
        
        renewable technologies :moneybag: :small_red_triangle_down:
        
        :gear: clean up the severe air pollution
        
        hydropower :small_red_triangle: 2017
    - - Southeast Asia
        
        coal-fired power
      - China
        
        air conditioning
        
        :gear: too hot
    - - :heavy_plus_sign: 170 million new cars, 2017
      - the U.S.A & Europe:
        larger S.U.V.s
        
        oil prices :moneybag: :small_red_triangle_down:
      - electric cars growth no enough for compensation of oil
    - - cleaner sources of energy
        
        curb emissions
        
        improve
        energy efficiency
        
        factories :factory:
        
        homes :house:
        
        vehicles :car:
        
        policies
        
        building codes
        
        fuel-economy standards
    - - So, HOW to reach the goal?
- - - - :chart_with_downwards_trend: since the late 1970s
        
        :gear: related climate change
        
        bears in the habitat get harder to forage
      - Mar.: biggest (starts melt)
        Sep.: smallest (starts freeze)
        
        But melting starts earlier 2017 ?
        
        early melt > exposed warmer waters > speed-up ice loss
        :speaking_head_in_silhouette: Dr. Serreze “If you see the ice leaving early in the season, you expose these dark open ocean areas, which are going to absorb more heat."
    - - Director: Mark Serreze