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Genetics (Natural selection (No random process, Occur due to environmental…

- - - - Stages
        
        Interphase
        
        Where DNA gets photocopied
        
        Prophase
        
        Centrioles produce spindle fibers
        
        Sister chromatids
        
        Nuclear membrane dissolves
        
        Metaphase
        
        Chromatids line up on metaphase plate
        
        Spindle fibers connect to centromeres
        
        Centrioles go to opposite poles
        
        Anaphase
        
        Spindle fibers pull chromatids apart and move to the end of the cells
        
        Telophase
        
        Nucleus forms
        
        Chromosomes decondense
        
        Cytokinesis
        
        Division of cytoplasm
    - - Meiosis I
        
        Interphase I
        
        Chromosomes duplicate
        
        Prophase I
        
        Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments and crossover
        
        Metaphase
        
        Tetrads line up in the middle
        
        Pairs of homologous chromosomes split up
        
        Telophase and cytokinesis
        
        Two haploid cells form; chromosomes still double
      - Meiosis II
        
        Prophase II
        
        Spindle fibers form again
        
        Metaphase II
        
        Sister chromatids line up in the middle
        
        Anaphase
        
        Sister chromatids separate : 23 chromosomes
        
        Telophase II
        
        Haploid daughter cells forming
        
        Sister chromatids finally separate
        
        Four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes
  - - - Nucleotide
        
        Phosphate
        
        Base
        
        Cytosine (C)
        
        Thymine (T)
        
        Adenine (A)
        
        Guanine (G)
        
        Sugar
- - - - Order of genetic markers
    - - Order of overlapping fragments
    - - Determine nucleotide sequence