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Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: A Critical Review (PGPR (Pseudomonas…

- - - - Symbiotic nitrogen fixers
        
        Frankia
        
        forms root
        nodules on more than 280 species of woody plants
        
        its symbiotic relationship is not as
        well understood
        
        эффективный симбиоз с видами Alnus и Casuarina
        
        Rhizobia
        
        N2-fixing activity
        
        в дополнении can improve plant P nutrition by mobilizing inorganic and organic P.
        
        совместное использование ризобиум с Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB) оказывает синергический эффект на симбиотические параметры и урожайность зерна маша
        
        Allorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Methylobacterium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium
        
        Bradyrhizobium
        
        гр- палочки с одной полярной или субполярной флагеллой
        
        фиксируют азот в обмен на углеводороды бактерий
        
        медленно растущие по сравнению с Rhizobium
        
        In a liquid media broth, it takes Bradyrhizobium species 3-5 days to create a moderate turbidity and 6-8 hours
        to double in population size
      - Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers
        
        diazotrophs present in rhizosphere, rhizoplane or those growing endophytically
        
        Azoarcus sp., Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillium sp.,Azotobacter sp, Achromobacter, Acetobacter, Al.cal.igenes, Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, Azomonas, Bacillus, Beijerinckia,Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Derxia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, RhodoPseudomonas, Xanthobacter
        
        Azotobacter
        
        family Azotobacteriaceae, 2 рода
        
        Azomonas (non-cyst forming), 3 вида
        
        A. agilis
        
        A. insignis
        
        A. macrocytogenes
        
        Azotobacter (cyst forming), 6 видов
        
        A. chroococcum
        
        A. vinelandii
        
        A. beijerinckii,
        
        A. nigricans
        
        A. armeniacus
        
        A. Paspali
        
        свободноживущий фиксатор азота
        
        Azospirillum
        
        10 видов на основании биохимических характеристик
        
        A. lipoferum and A. brasilense [85]; A. amazonense [86]; A. halopraeferens [87]; A. irakense [88]; A. largimobile [89]; A. doebereinerae [90]; A. Oryzae [91]; A.melinis [92] and recently A. canadensis [93].
        
        впервые изолирован из злаковых
        
        Azospirillum strains have no preferences for crop plants or weeds or for annual or perennial plants and
        can be successfully applied to plants that have no previous history of Azospirillum in their roots. Можно инокулировать любые растения :!:
        
        fix nitrogen under microaerophilic conditions and are frequently associated with root and rhizosphere
        
        Acetobacter
        
        successfully colonizes sugarcane, сахарный тросник
        
        family Acetobacteriaceae
        
        Gluconobacter
        
        Gluconoacetobacter
        
        Acetobacter
        
        Acidomonas
        
        Azoarcus
        
        aerobic/microaerophilic nitrogen-fixing bacterium
        
        2 вида
        
        A. indigens
        
        A. communis
        
        Nitrogen fixation by
        Azoarcus is extremely efficient.
        
        Bacillus
        
        the most abundant genus in the rhizosphere :!:
        
        Pseudomonas
        
        most effective strains of Pseudomonas have been Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.
- - - - в основном действует как ингибитор метаболизма
      - The host plants are generally not negatively affected by inoculation with cyanide-producing bacterial
        strains
    - - rhizosphere pseudomonads
      - gas known to negatively affect root metabolism and
        root growth
      - The HCN production is found to be a common trait of Pseudomonas (88.89%) and Bacillus (50%) in the rhizospheric soil and plant root nodules
      - glycine is an HCN precursor for P. aeruginosa
      - this process differs significantly from cyanogenesis in other bacteria because
        
        (i) other amino acids besides glycine stimulate HCN production
        
        (ii) both carbons of glycine are used as sources of
        cyanide carbon
      - some of
        the Pseudomonas spp. metabolites such as HCN may enhance plant establishment
        
        most of the isolates produced HCN and helped in the plant growth
- - - - auxins
        
        indole acetic acid (IAA), indole acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and indole lactic acid
        
        Some microorganisms produce auxins in the presence of a suitable precursor such as L-tryptophan
      - gibberellins
      - ethylene
      - cytokinins
      - abscisic acid
  - - - organogenesis
      - tropic
        responses
      - cellular responses such as cell expansion, division, and differentiation
      - gene regulation
    - - phytostimulation and circumvention of basal plant defense
        mechanisms
      - IAA can also be a signaling molecule in bacteria
    - - Rhizobium, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, and Mycobacterium
- - - - pH
      - level of iron and the form of iron ions
      - наличие других микроэлентов
      - adequate supply of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
      - бактериальный рост и продукция сидерофоров стимулируются присутствием сульфата аммония и а.к., однако наибольшая продукция сидерофоров наблюдается в мочевине
    - - метод не зависит от структуры сидерофоров
    - - на основании лигандов, которые chelate the ferric iron
        
        катехолаты (фенолаты)
        
        Enterobactin
        
        Escherichia coli
        
        bacillibactin
        
        Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis
        
        vibriobactin
        
        Vibrio
        cholerae
        
        hydroxamates
        
        siderophore ferrichrome
        
        Ustilago
        sphaerogena
        
        Desferrioxamine B (Deferoxamine)
        
        Streptomyces pilosus and Streptomyces coelicolor
        
        Desferrioxamine E
        
        Streptomyces coelicolor
        
        Fusarinine C
        
        Fusarium roseum
        
        Ornibactin
        
        Burkholderia cepacia
        
        carboxylates (e.g. derivatives of citric acid)
        
        siderophores with mixed ligands
        
        azotobactin
        
        Azotobacter
        vinelandii
        
        pyoverdine
        
        Pseudomonas aeruginosa
        
        yersiniabactin
        
        Yersinia pestis
        
        phytosiderophores or mugineic acids
        
        Some poaceae
        (grasses) including wheat and barley produce
- - - - directly dissolve the rock phosphate, or chelating calcium ions
        that release P to the solution
- - - - свойства псевдомонад
        
        grow rapidly in vitro and to be mass produced
        
        rapidly utilize seed and root exudates
        
        colonize and multiply in the rhizosphere and spermosphere environments and in the interior of the plant
        
        produce a wide spectrum of bioactive metabolites (i.e., antibiotics, siderophores, volatiles, and growth-promoting substances)
        
        сompete aggressively with other microorganisms
        
        adapt to environmental stresses
        
        major weakness - inability to produce resting spores (as do many Bacillus spp.)
      - Fluorescent pseudomonads
        
        mechanisms for biocontrol of phytopathogens and plant growth
        
        produce a wide variety of antibiotics
        
        chitinolytic enzymes
        
        growth promoting hormones
        
        siderophores
        
        HCN and catalase
        
        can solubilize phosphorous
  - - - Growth inhibition of lettuce and barnyard grass
  - - - able to solubilize phosphate
      - produce IAA
      - siderophore
      - antifungal metabolite
    - - ability to solubilise inorganic phosphate
      - control of the lepidopteron pests
  - - - Aphanomyces
      - Cylindrocladium
      - Fusarium
      - Macrophomina
      - Phytophthora
      - Pythium
      - Rhizoctonia
      - Sclerotinium
      - Verticillium
      - Thielaviopsis
      - nematodes
  - - - ability to produce bacteriocins and siderophores
    - - auxin-like molecule
- - - - 2,4-diacetyl phloroglucinol
  - - - extracellular chitinase and laminarinase
        
        lyses the mycelia of Fusarium solani
- - - - an accumulation of compatible solutes such as glutamate, proline, glycine betaine and trehalose
        
        proline plays a major role in osmoadaptation through increase
        in osmotic stress that shifts the dominant osmolyte from glutamate to proline in A. brasilense
  - - - under unfavourable environmental conditions such as flooding, heavy metals, phytopathogens,
        drought and high salt
    - - ACC deaminase can hydrolyze ACC, которая является предшественником этилена
        
        расщепляет на F-ketobutarate and ammonia
  - - - phosphate solubilization is the result of organic acids released from bacterial metabolism
- - - - Salicylic acid (SA) has an
        important role in the signalling pathway leading to ISR :!:
        
        After infection, endogenous levels of SA increase locally and systemically
        
        SA is synthesized in response to infection both locally
        and systemically
        
        pathogens inducing SAR
  - - - enzyme rhodanese from cyanogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
        
        involved in transfer reactions causes cyanide detoxification
    - - effector of P. aeruginosa intrinsic resistance to cyanide