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Official Schools of Kalam (Mu'tazilites (Doctrines (The principle of…
Official Schools of Kalam
Mu'tazilites
'People of Unity and Justice'
(
ahl al-tawhid wa al-'adl
)
Wasil bin Ata's withdrawal from al-Hasan al-Basri circle, due to dissatisfaction on the issue of grave sinners.
His answer :
manzilah bayna al-manzilatayn
(believer nor unbeliever), aka at the time; infidel, hypocrite (
munafiq
)
Doctrines
The principle of Unity
Justice of God
Al-wa'du wa al-wa'id
(The Promise and The Threat)
Manzilah bayna al-manzilatayn
(Intermediate state)
Amr bi al-ma'ruf wa nahy 'an al-munkar
(Command the Good and Forbid the Evil)
Fall of Mu'tazilite
Excessive reasoning and obsessed with it
Involved in politics, patronized by several Abbasid's rulers, and imposing views to be country's stand
Bred the feeling enmity, especially from the traditionalists
They were labelled
zindiq
due to being against argumentative and disputational characteristics of discourses in 'ilm-kalam
Contributions
Counter
zandaqa
and declared it to be false doctrines
Defended Islam form multiplicity of God
Defended Islam against Manichaeans
Ash'arites
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (founder) withdrew from Mu'tazilite circle; due to 3 dreams of Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) in Ramadan
Famous narration of the withdrawal; Story of three brothers :
One Pious
One Wicked
One Dead
Emphasized on the active role of God in man's life; opposing Mu'tazilite's stand
Life is not about absolute objectivity; things happen out of people's control, thus a major mandate given to God but man has power of choice
Important figures
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
al-Baqillani
al-Juwayni
al-Ghazali
al-Shahrastani
Doctrines
God has distinct and eternal attributes
It was God's speech, an eternal attribute, and therefore uncreated
The vision of God in the world to come is a reality, but incomprehensible to us
Pertaining to anthropomorphic verses, such as God's hand and face, is to mean 'grace','essence' and so on
Nothing corporeal was meant; they were real attributes whose precise nature was unknown; i.e God sitting on throne
God's omnipotence also encompasses the acts of men by creating power for men to do each act
Al-manzila bayn al-manzilatayn
was altered were a Muslim guilty of a serious sin, he remains a believer but is liable to punishment