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Genetics (Mutations (Causes of Mutation (transpoon (much longer than…

- - - - during repair, it is put in backward
  - - - something that causes mutations
    - - only a few thousand base pairs long
        
        contain the genes that code for the enzymes
        
        actually involved in cutting the insertion sequence out
        
        and splicing it into DNA somewhere else
    - - much longer than insertion sequence
      - carries genes that code for proteins
  - - - that never lead to sex cells
  - - - DNA repair mechanisms that
        
        recognize & remove mutations
    - - base mismatches
      - loops
    - - too effiecient
      - too ineffective
- - - - reduce the # of sets of chromosomes per cell
        
        from the diploid number to the haploid number
  - - - only a single character is analyzed & studied
      - inheritance of other traits is not considered
    - - parental generation
        
        the offspring of their crossbreeding are:
        
        F1
        
        if these interbreed, offspring is called:
        
        F2
        
        first filial generation
    - - Neither parental trait dominates the other
  - - - When a plant’s own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
      - plant can be selfed by being crossed w/:
        
        another plant w/ the exact same genotype
    - - can be set up in which all types of one gamete
        
        are arranged along the top of the square
        
        all types of the other gamete are arranged on the left side
  - - - until a specific amount of product is synthesized
        
        enzyme may have to work faster or longer
        
        final amount of product is same whether the plant has 2 functional alleles or 1
  - - - difficult to know genotype of any plant
        
        unless plant shows recessive trait
- - - - DNA does not release from histones
        
        nucleosome structure remains intact
        
        one strand of DNA double helix is cut
        
        2 strands separate from each other in a short region
        
        forming small "bubble"
        
        called replicon
  - - - primer RNAs act as substrates for DNA-synthesizing enzyme:
        
        DNA polymerase
- - - - If the two genes are on separate chromosomes
        
        the alleles of one gene move independently of the alleles of the other gene
  - - - 2 genes are located far apart on the same chromosome
        
        such that crossing-over occurs between them during prophase I, after homologous chromosomes have paired
      - a synaptonemal complex is formed
  - - - they usually do not undergo independent assortment during meiosis I
        
        the two genes are said to be linked
    - - formed from a crossing-over of the homologous chromosomes & recombination of alleles
      - map unit
        
        approx. 1 million base pairs
- - - - the alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny
    - - zygote obtains all its plastid & mitochondrion genomes from the maternal parent
  - - - only if present in the homozygous condition
  - - - All plants with more than two sets of chromosomes
    - - A change in chromosome # per nucleus in plants can also come about by
    - - multiple gene copies
- - - - all genes occur in multiple forms
      - genotype
        
        type of allele an individual has
      - phenotype
        
        expression of alleles in the size, shape & metabolism