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Protestant and Catholic Reformations (Protestant Reformation(early 16th…
Protestant and Catholic Reformations
How did the Protestant and Catholic Reformations change power structures in Europe and shape European colonial expansion?
Protestant Reformation(early 16th century)
Clerical Immorality, ignorance and absenteeism.
Local resentment of clerical priveleges and immunities
Martin Luther(1483-1546) developed a new understanding of Christian doctrine.
Luther's ideas appealed to local rulers.
Rulers drew their legitimacy from their support for religion. independence from emperor and extension of power.
Second generation reformers: John Calvin.
Calvinism became compelling force in international Protestanism, first in Europe and then in many Dutch and Enlgish colonies around the world.
Calvinism Dominant form of Protestanism in France.
The Catholic Refomation (1530s-)
Response to Protestant Reformation. (Counter-Reformation): that opposed spiritually, politically and militarily.
A drive for internal reform linked to earlier reform.
Pope Paul III: papal court became center of the reform movement, Holy Office and Council of Trent.
Religious orders aimed to raise moral and intellectual level of the clergy and people: Ursuline order.
Society of Jesus or Jesuits.
Religious Violence: riots, civil wars and international conflicts in the 16th century.
Switzerland: Protestants vs Catholics and treaty which led to neutrality
Holy Roman Empire(1546), Peace of Augsburg
France: Calvinists Vs Catholics, Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
Netherlands: Dutch independence movement, Civil war
Witch Persecutions