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Unit 14: Social Psychology (Module 79 - Attraction (Mere-exposure effect:…
Unit 14: Social Psychology
Module 74 - Attributions, Attitudes, and Actions
social psychology: the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Fundamental Attribution Error
attribution theory: the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or person's disposition (FRITZ HEIDER)
fundamental attribution error: the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Attitudes and Actions
attitudes: feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Two Forms of Persuasion
peripheral route persuasion - doesn't engage systematic thinking, but does produce fast results as people respond to incidental cues
central route persuasion - offers evidence and arguments that aim to trigger favorable thoughts
foot in-the-door theory: the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
role: a set of expectations about a social position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance: the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance( we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
Module 75 - Conformity and Obedience
Conformity
chameleon effect - unconscious mimicry of expressions postures, and voice tones (TANYA CHARTRAND AND JOHN BARGH)
conformity: adjusting our behavior of thinking toward some group standard
SOLOMON ASCH found that we are more likely to conform when we...
are made to feel incompetent or insecure
are in a group with at least 3 people
are in a group in which everyone else agrees
admire the group's status and attractiveness
have not made a prior commitment to any response
know that others in the group will observe our behavior
are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards
normative social influence: influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
information social influence: influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
Obedience
STANLEY MILGRAM found obedience was highest when...
the person giving orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitamate authority
the authoirty figure was supported by a prestigious institution
the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room
there was no role models for defiance
Module 76 - Group Behavior
social facilitation: improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others (NORMAN TRIPLETT)
social loafing: the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable (BIBB LATANE)
deindividuation: the loss of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization: the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
groupthink: the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (IRVING JANIS)
culture: the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation the next
norms: rules for accepted and expected behavior
Module 77 - Prejudice and Discrimination
prejudice: an unjustifiable and usually negative ATTITUDE toward a group and its members; three part mix of beliefs, emotions,and predispositions
stereotypes: a generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people
ethnocentriism - assuming the superiority of one's ethnic group
discrimination: unjustifiable negative BEHAVIOR toward a group and its members
Social Roots of Prejudice
just-world phenomenon: the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroups: "us" - people with whom we share a common identity
outgroups: "them" - those perceived as different or apart from our group
ingroup bias: the tendency to favor our own group
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
scapegoat theory: the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
Module 78 - Aggression
Aggression: any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy (a complex behavior resulting from biology and experiance)
Biology influences our threshold for aggressive behaviors at 3 levels: genetic, neutral, and biochemical
Frustration-aggression principal: the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger, which can generate aggression
Social script: culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Module 79 - Attraction
Mere-exposure effect: the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Proximity increases liking, in part because of the mere-exposure effect
Physical attractiveness increases social opportunities and improves the way we are perceived
Similarity of attitudes and interests greatly increases liking
Passionate love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another (usually present at the beginning of a relationship)
Compassionate love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Equity: a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Self-disclosure: revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Module 80 - Altruism, Conflict, and Personality
Alturism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander effect: the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
We are most likely to help when we notice an incident, interpret it as an emergency, or assume responsibility for helping
Social exchange theory: the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Reciprocity norm: an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those those have helped them
Social responsibility norm: an expectation that people will help those needing their help
Conflict: a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap: a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Mirror-image perceptions: mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive