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integumentary system (Hypodermis (皮下) (Subcutaneous layer) (fat lobules…
integumentary system
Epidermis (上皮)
Cell types
Melanocytes黑色素細胞
(Melanosomes>melanin)
statements:
(1)derived from neural crest,migrate to epidermis
由神經棘發生而來,再移至表皮
(2)dendritic in shape (special stain)
外形會有突起
(3)lack tonofilaments and desomosomes
不會形成緻密小體
(4)synthesize melanin and transfer it via their long processes to neighboring keratinocytes (prickle cells)
合成黑色素再傳送到刺細胞
(5)Melanin is formed from tyrosine by tyrosinase→synthesized in RER(鉻酸酶)
:warning:
Ultraviolet light causes:
(1)greater melanin formation
(2)thickening of the keratin layer(角蛋白層)
Tyrosinase activeity↑>>Black race
Langerhan’s cells
(Immune response)
(1)another dendritic cells(樹突細胞) (clear cell透明細胞)
(2)not worn-out melanocytes 不是老化破舊之黑色素細胞
(3)contain active organelles and special cytoplasmic bodies which are found in certain phagocytic cells
電顯觀察可看到一些在吞噬細胞才特有的胞器與細胞內含物
(4)mesodermal (中胚層)origin ?? ←mononuclear phagocyte system
(5)polymorphous appearance of the nucleus 細胞核具多樣性之外觀
(6)沒有構成desmosome 的tonofilaments(張力微絲)，也沒有黑色素小體
(7)some of cytoplasm contains vermiform granules(Birbeckgranules)
有些細胞質可觀察到具有虫狀之顆粒
Keratinocytes 角質細(keratocytes)=
prickle cells刺細胞
where:
stratum spinosum
statements:
(1)polyhedral cells which become flattened at higher level由下方的多邊型細胞慢慢往上變成扁平細胞
(2)spinous processes(棘突) from cell surface
會由很多細胞突起>>>>>desomosomes胞橋小體"intercellular bridges"
Merkel’s cells
(May serve as mechanoreceptors機械受器)
statements:
(1)tactile cells associated with nerve endings 觸覺神經末稍
(2)contain dense cored granules含有緻密的顆粒
5 Layers
Stratum granulosum (顆粒層)
Stratum spinosum (Germinativm) (棘層)
Stratum lucidum (透明層)
Stratum basale (germinativum) (基底層)>>one cell layer
Stratum corneum (角化層)
Dermis (真皮)
Papillary layer乳突層
small blood vessels, free nerve endings
Meissner’s tactile corpuscles觸覺小體
Reticular layer 網狀層
Hypodermis (皮下)
(Subcutaneous layer)
fat lobules in the layer
Larger blood vessels, lymphatics,
nerves, pacinian corpuscles(巴氏小體)
loose connective tissue
Epithelial skin appendages
皮膚的延生
Nails
Cutaneous glands 皮下腺體
sweat glands (汗腺)
Large (apocrine) sweat glands
secretory tubule has wide lumen, prominent myoepithelial cells(突出的肌上皮細
胞)
present in axilla腋下, perianal肛門 and perigenital regions, mammary areola乳房乳暈
secretion: more viscous黏稠, more pigmented
Duct:2 layers of cuboidal epithelial cells
small swat glands:opens onto epidermal surface
Large sweat gland:opens into cavity of hair follicle
Small (eccrine) sweat glands
myoepithelial cells肌上皮細胞(contractions under autonomic control,helpto expel secretion)
secretion: water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, uric acid protein polysaccharides
simple coiled tubular glnads
merocrine gland(局泌腺):(secretion is the product of the cells; cells are left intact完整)
sebaceous glands (皮脂腺)
stratified epithelium
short duct lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Holocrine glands(全分泌腺)
function of sebum
lubricate the hair shaft滋潤毛幹
protect the skin from drying and moisture
prevent development of bacteria
absent from palms(手掌) and soles(腳底)
mammary glands (乳腺)
Hair follicles and hair
毛囊與毛髮
Arrector pili muscle 豎毛肌
Smooth muscle cells
midshaft of the hair follicle←→the papillary layer of the dermis