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Verb (Categories (tense reflects the relations between the time of the…
Verb
Categories
time correlation
non-perfect
denotes simultaneous or posterior action (
except. I remember seeing you)
perfect
presents action prior to another action, strong member (except. he has broken a cup)
main approaches
Jesperson
- peculiar tense category of present and past
Vorontsova
- peculiar aspect category (common, perfect, retrospective aspects)
Smirnitsky
- independent category of time correlation
voice
- relation between subj and obj of the action
opposition of active/passive (strong), auxiliaries - be, get, become
arguable: reflexive (himself), reciprocal (each other), middle (the door opened)
tense
reflects the relations between the time of the action and of the utterance
Jespersen
- no pure future, because will means volition, shall - obligation (not convincing)
appear in tense-aspect forms (common, continuous) + future-in-the-past and future-continuous-in-the-past
traditionally, there are past, present and future (wrote, writes, will write)
Prof. Irtenyeva
- present (perfect, continuous, perfect continuous, future) and past (perfect, future-in-the-past, continuous, perfect continuous)
Korsakov
- absolute/anterior (perfect time correlation), static/dynamic (continuous aspect)
aspect
- manner of action performed/represented
continuous
- action as a procces developing at a certain moment/limited period
(these flats are bein built so fast that they are changing th profile of the city)
- not used with verbs of abstract relations, perception and emotion, those verbs change meaning (seeng, being silly etc.)
Curme
durative
aspect - action is continuing
(he is eating)
point-action
- initial/final point of the action
ingressive
(begin/start + infinitive, grow/fall/turn/get/become/run/set/take + predicative) get sick, awake early
effective
- attention to final point (
he knocked him out)
terminative
- whole action
(he handed me a book)
iterative
- indefinitely prolonged succession (he pooh-poohs at everything)
common
aspect names the action
(look at the way he walks)
number
grammatically is hardly present for finites, can be seen only in present and past forms of be
(am-are/was-were)
mood
- degree of reality/possibility of the action stated by the speaker
real/fact moods (
indicative
, real fact action)
unreal/non-fact/oblique moods
imperative
- only one form, no suffix/ending, expresses advice/request/order
(leave me alone!)
subjunctive
- unreal action
(1-she suggested that I be the cook, 2-It's time John went on a diet)
Smirnitsky
Imperative
(read the letter! go there!)
Subjunctive I
- be/go for all persons
(I suggest that he go there. If it be so)
Indicative
(He came there, the sun rises in the East)
Subjunctive II
- were for all persons, knew/had known
(I wish I were present, if only I knew, if I had known)
Suppositional
- analytical should/would+infinitive
(Should you meet him, tell him to come)
Conditional
- analytical should/would forms + infinitive in main clause
(What would you answer if you were asked?)
person (only in present indicative sg + future)
modal verbs
without personal inflexions
(can, may, must, shall, ought, need, dare)
- neutralized person category
unique verb
be
and its suppletive forms
("am" and "is" - marked, "are" is not, it coincides with plural)
regular expression of person (e)s [-z, -s, -iz] - come/comes, stop/stops, choose/chooses
Structural classification (form)
sound replacive (food-to feed, blood-to bleed)
stress-replacive (IMport-toimPOrt, TRANsport-to tranSPORT)
derivational - suffixes (cultivATE, broadEN, clarIFY, normalIZE), prefixes (BEfriend, ENgulf, EMbed, REmake, UNDERgo, OVERestimate, SUBmerge, UNdo)
composite/compound - many stems (conversion - to blackmail, reversion - to babysit)
simple (go, take, read + conversion - park, man, house)
phrasal (between analytical forms and syntactic word combination)
head-verb (take,have, give) + noun = have a smoke, give a smile, take a nap)
head-verb + verbal post-positive = stand up, go on, give up
Semantic/lexico-grammatic classification (meaning)
Notional verbs (full nominative value)
aspective verbal semantics
limitive (arrive, come, leave, find, start, stop, coclude, aim, drop, catch, stand up, sit down, get out, be off)
unlimitive (move, continue, sleep, work, behave, hope, stand)
valency
complementive
objective
monocomplementive (one object) - have, take, forget, enjoy, look at, belong to, relate to
bicomplementive (more objects) - explain, mention, devote, say, forgive, apologize for, pay for, remind of, tell about
adverbial
manner (act, do, keep, behave)
place/time (be, live, stay, go, ride, arriive)
uncomplementive
impersonal (natural phenomena) - rain, snow, freeze
personal (real subject) - work, start, pause, function
subject-proccess relation
statal (state of the subject) - live, survive, suffer, worry, stand, see, know
actional (action by subject, active doer) - do, act, perform, make, go, read, learn, discover
Semi-notional and functional verbs (partial nominative value)
modal verbs - predicative markers expressing ability, permission etc. (can, may, must, shall, will. ought, need, used to, dare + be planned, be obliged etc.)
verbid introducer verbs - seem, happen, turn out, try, fall, manage, begin, continue, stop (they began to fight/they began the fight)
auxiliary verbs (be, have, do, shall, will, should, would, may, might)
link verbs
pure link "be"
specifying verbs of perception (seem, appear, look, feel, taste, smell)
factual link-verb connection (become, get, grow, remain, keep)
Meaning - dynamic process
predicative function establishes the connection between the utterance situation and reality