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Psychodynamic approach (Psychosexual stages (Phallic: 3-5 years (Source of…
Psychodynamic approach
The mind
Preconscious: Need effort to access, includes thoughts & ideas in dreams or 'slips of tongue', contains ego & some superego.
Unconscious: Stores biological drives & instincts, contains disturbing memory that has been repressed or forgotten, can't be accessed without psychiatrist & contains id & superego.
Conscious: Part we are aware of & can easily access, contains parts of the ego.
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Psychosexual stages
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Oral: 0-1 years
Source of pleasure is mouth, mother's breasts are object of desire.
Oral fixation - biting nails, smoking, sarcastic.
Evaluations
Introduced psychoanalysis, which helped with sufferers of mild neuroses.
Though criticized to be inappropriate for more serious mental disorders, e.g. Schizophrenia.
Psychic determinism as describes all behaviour being due to unconscious conflicts, e.g. Freudian slip sue to unconscious thoughts.
Unfalsifiable as many concepts occur unconsciously, therefore not open to empirical testing.
Recognises social & cultural factors as describes us being driven by innate instincts, but the way they are expressed is shaped by social environment.
Theory based on studies of individuals, e.g. Little Hans, which can't be generalised to the rest of the population.
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Structure of personality
Ego: Develops around 2 years, works on the reality principle & mediates id & superego using defense mechanisms.
Superego: Develops around 5 years, based on morality principle & represents moral standards of same sex parent; punishes ego for wrongdoing (guilt).
Id: Present at birth, operates on pleasure principle; demands instant gratification & is completely selfish.