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URBAN ENVIRONMENT (The variety of urban environments (The characteristics…
URBAN ENVIRONMENT
The variety of urban environments
Factors affecting the pattern of urban economic activity in cities
Factors affecting the location of urban residential areas
The characteristics of urban places
SITE
- desirable factors
local timber for construction and fuel
sunny, south-facing slopes
level sites to build on (but less easy to defend)
proximity to rich soils for cultivation and lush pasture for grazing
freedom from flooding
the potential for trade and commerce, such as proximity to bridges or weirs, a confluence site, the head of an estuary, a point of navigation and upland gaps
readily available water
FUNCTION AND LAND USE
for services
open space
industrial
for recreation
residential
transport routes
THE HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
low-order goods
- necessity goods or convenience goods bought frequently
high-order goods
- luxury or shopping goods bought or used infrequently
threshold
- the minimum number of people required for a good or service to stay in business
sphere of influence
- the area served by a settlement, also called a hinterland
range
- the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel for a good or service
URBAN GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Commercially
towns provide the market and exchange centres necessary for the conversion from subsistence to cash crops
Industrially
towns may provide a stimulus for development - the larger the town the better it is for skilled and unskilled labour
Politically
towns may provide a focus for nationalist feeling and also allow for ethnic, tribal and religious intermixing
Administratively
towns provide economies of scale for health and education
Socially
the intermixing may help weaken ties to traditional rural beliefs and customs
THE FUNCTION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
promote, stimulate and undertake economic and social development in the area
control and coordinate the performance of their activities in the area
promote, stimulate, facilitate and undertake commercial, infrastructure and residential development in the area
Urban poverty, deprivation and informal activity in urban areas
Changing urban systems
Urban environmental and social stresses
Traffic congestion patterns, trends and impacts
Contested land use changes, including slum clearances, urban redevelopment and the depletion of green space
Urban microclimate modification and management, including the urban heat island effect, and air pollution patterns and its management
Managing the impacts of urban social deprivation, including the cycle of deprivation and geographic patterns of crime
Urban social deprivation
: when people are forced to live in areas where facilities are inadequate, sub-standard or inferior to the rest of a city
Relative urban social deprivation
: hardship caused by lack of access to services that more people in the same city do have
Absolute urban social deprivation
: hardship that is potentially life-threatening, or leads to physical or mental health problems
Indicators of urban social deprivation
Ethnicity
Long term poverty
Occupation
Building sustainable urban systems for the future