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Interviews (Explain how researchers use inductive content analysis…

- - - - Flexibility allows the collection of rich, detailed data
      - Useful in investigating socially sensitive topics since the themes can be fully explored
    - - Limited space to explore themes that are not planned beforehand
      - One-to-one interview may appear somewhat artificial and may raise issues of ecological validity
      - Data analysis is time-consuming
  - - - People are questioned in groups so that they can clarify their own views and ideas through the conversations and discourses they have with other participants. This would not happen in a one-to-one interview session
      - Quick way to collect data from several participants at the same time
      - Natural interaction between participants and the conversational approach may result in better ecological validity than structured interviews
      - Effective for cross-cultural studies because people can talk in their everyday language and communicate as they normally would. This means that everyone can participate (even those people who can’t read and write)
      - It can identify cultural values and/or group norms as they exist within the group
    - - People may be scared of sharing sensitive issues in a group
      - Difficult to transcribe and analyse data
      - Some group behaviours, such as conformity, might occur. This might result in data that does not really represent the participant's beliefs
      - Ethical issues when participants are not free (eg. in prison)
  - - - Useful way to gain in-depth understanding
      - Used with all people since they use their own language and talk freely without interruption --> unadulterated version of reality provided
      - Useful in socially sensitive situations because how people think and why they experience what they do
      - Minimise the effects of the researcher on the data obtained
    - - Time consuming to conduct and analyse
      - May go in all directions since participants decides what to say, some data cannot be used if it goes off-topic
      - Participants may be shy/uncomfortable with talking about their personal experience with a stranger (ie. interviewer)
        
        To limit bias/uncomfortable feelings, researcher can match ethnic profile, gender, ensure the interviewer respects/understand the topic
      - Ethical issues involved in having people talk about their traumatic experiences
- - - - Consider the size of the sample. The larger the sample the more likely the researcher will choose a structured approach to make data analysis more manageable
      - Sampling technique should be appropriate, eg. purpose/snowball sampling should be used, since participants who can offer the richest data cannot be randomly found
    - - Interviews dealing with socially sensitive issues should ensure that participants would not feel uncomfortable answering the questions
      - Limited extent of confidentiality - interviewer may be placed in a difficult situation when participants told them something that should be informed to authorities
    - - Advantages and disadvantages of each method and how they interact with the interview method
      - Recording may make participant feel uncomfortable, thus it is important to develop a trusting rapport with participants
      - For audio recording, social interactions and subtle notes from participants (eg. facial expression, gestures) may be lost
      - A post-modern transcript may include features such as pauses, laughter and interruptions, but is more difficult to analyse
    - - Interviewer effects - to prevent discomfort, it is suggested that the interviewer should be someone similar to the participant in terms of age, gender ethnicity, etc. The interview should be conducted in a language which the participant understands, or better, comfortable in
      - The interviewer should have a professional approach to ensure the participant is comfortable during the interaction
  - - - Trusting and open relationship is the best way for participants to talk freely
      - Researcher may unintentionally focus on statements that they are interested in obtaining for future analysis and participants may try to predict what to expected and focus on saying what they think the interviewer wants to know (participant expectations)
      - Active listening technique, such as body gesture can be used to show the participant that the interviewer is paying attention
    - - If participant want to leave in the middle of the interview, they should be allowed to do so, even if the data is lost
    - - Make sure that the technical equipment functions properly from the start so the interviewer can focus on the interviewee
  - - - Participants should be informed with the result and the treatment of their data, eg. how the information will be used, who will have access to it
      - They should be told about their rights to withdraw
      - Ethical requirement
    - - Ask for peer review to check interpretations
      - Consult participants about the the analysis and interpretation of data
    - - All data produced from the participant should only used with specific consent
      - It is a norm to destroy photos, videos after a study to maintain anonymity