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Blood (Processes (Hemostasis: response that stops bleeding. Has three…
Blood
Processes
Hematopoesis: development of formed elements. Usually formed in red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells. Mature in marrow or lymphoid tissue
Erythropoiesis: productions of RBCs. Increase when state if hypoxia (O2 deficiency) stimulate kidneys to release hormone erythropoetin.
Reticulocytes: immature RBC determines rate of erythropoiesis. (>.5%) low, (>2%) high.... More than 1-2% of retics indicate leukemia.
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Fibrinolysis: dissolves small inappropriate clots, dissolve clots at site of damage once it is repaired.
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Diseases
Leukocytosis: any WBC count >10,000/mm^3, indicate infectious process or cancer.
leukopenia: any WBC count <5,000/mm^3, indicating AIDS, malnutrition, bone marrow failure, chemotherapy.
Thrombosis: clotting in an unbroken blood vessel mainly vein. Thrombus is the clot itself, embolus is a transported clot, bubble, fat, or debris
Ischemia:an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN): results when Rh+ fetus develops in womb of Rh- woman. RhoGAM injection is given to Rh- moms to prevent disease by killing Rh+ antigens
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Types
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AB: Universal recipient, has both and and B
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Makeup
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consituents
Blood plasma
92% water, proteins, electrolytes, gasses, hormones
Albumin: major plasma protein, contains clotting proteins, antibodies, enzymes. Synthesized in liver and contributes to blood viscocity and ability to maintain blood pressure. Also a carrier molecule.
Globulins: plasma proteins, control blood osmotic pressure and act as carrier molecules
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formed elements
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White blood cells
Monocytes (3-8%): come from same precursor (myeloid stem cell) as granulocyte. The other major cell in the peripheral where they are fixed phagocytes
Eosinophils (2-4%) :star: large red granules. Numbers increase slightly with parasitic infection. Associated with development of allergies.
Lymphocytes (20-25%): different precursor cell, no granules/phagocytes. Responders to foreign antigens. Move among lymphoid tissues, lymph, blood.
Basophils (0.5-1.0%) :star: large dark blue, histamine containing granules. Play important roles in inflammatory response.
Neutrophils (60-70%) :star: pinkish cytoplasm one of two major phagocytes in body. Fight bacterial infection.
red blood cells: bulk of blood cells, biconcave. Die is 120 days, mature RBC have no nucleus or protein making machinery. Purpose is to carry O2. Dont use oxygen they carry, lack mitchondria
WBC differential: machine that does statistical analysis of WBC. Neutro (40-70%), Lymph (20-45%), Mono (3%), Eosinophils (0.5-4%), Basophils (0-1%)
Leukocytes, Granulocytes :star:
Both pathways have a common point where factor X becomes factor XA. Protrombin is converted to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads