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Chapter 7: Organization of the Nervous System (Ventricles- CSF-Filled…
Chapter 7: Organization of the Nervous System
3 Planes of section
Horizontal
Saggital
Coronal
Anatomical References
Anterior- Posterior
Ventral- Dorsal
Rostral- Caudal
Medial- Lateral
Terminology
Bilateral: Both Sides
Ipsilateral: Same side
Unilateral: One side
Contralateral: Opposite Side
Efferent: Away from a location
Afferent: To a location
Spinal Cord- White Matter outside, Grey Matter inside
Dorsal root ganglia contains sensory information
Ventral Root holds motor information
Spinal canal, filled with CSF, in middle
Dorsal horn, intermediate zone, ventral horn
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic (FIght-or-flight)
Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)
Meninges
Arachnoid trabeculae
Subarachnoid Space- CSF & blood vessels
Dura Mater
Subdural space
Pia Mater
Ventricles- CSF-Filled caverns & canals
CSF produced by choroid plexus
CSF absorbed by blood vessels in arachnoid villi
Lateral Ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Central Canal
CNS Development
Mesoderm- bones & muscles
Endoderm- lining of internal muscles
Ectoderm- nervous system & skin
Neurulation: process by which neural plate becomes neural tube
Failure of anterior tube to close-- anencephaly
Failure of posterior tube to close-- spina bifida
Folic acid deficiency increases incidence of these defects
Three Primary Brain Vesicles
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Corticospinal Tract: contains descending axons; decussates in medulla
Tectum differentiates into Superior (eye )& inferior (ear) colliculi
Tegmentum- Substantia nigra (black substance) part of basal ganglia•; red nucleus – control voluntary movement; Rubrospinal tract- motor control
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
Metencephalon
Cerebellum- coordination of movements •Receives proprioceptive info from spinal cord •Receives info from the pons (relayed from cortex) specifying goals of movements. Damage = ataxia
Pons- 90% of descending axons synapse in the pons •Relays information to contralateral cerebellum
Myelencephalon - Medulla
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex- Seat of perception, cognition, consciousness, voluntary action
Basal Ganglia- Voluntary movement•Procedural memory
Limbic System- Emotion & memory
Diencephalon
Thalamus- carries sensory information to contralateral side
Hypothalamus- regulates 3 F's & homeostasis: connects to pituitary
4 Lobes
Temporal
Parietal
Frontal
Occipital
Features of Cortex
6 layers; Layer 1 (Outer) lacks neurons
Brodmann’s 52 cytoarchitectonic regions