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Eastern Approaches to a Unified Reality (Hinduism: A Indian religion that…
Eastern Approaches to a Unified Reality
Hinduism:
A Indian religion that emphasizes dharama and is the oldest religion in the world.
Key Beliefs
Truth is eternal
The vedas are the ultimate authority
Everyone should strive to achieve dharma
Individuals souls are immortal
Meaning of life
To achieve Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha and to be disciplined and also seek virtue, wealth and joy.
Major influences
occurred when nomadic, Indo-European tribes invaded Northern India
Practices and Rituals
puja (worship), recitations, meditation, family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, occasional pilgrimages
Afterlife
is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life and the atman is reborn many times (reincarnation)
What is self?
Consciousness is a result of the soul, the body can work without the soul
Atman
:the non-physical self that does not change
Nature of Reality
Henotheism:
Out of the many gods that exist one is more important than the other.
Pantheism:
to become an impersonal transcendent being
Dualism:
acknowledges the two other ultimate realities to be true.
Brahman
: either the mind or matter but includes both, the mind is the director of the body because the mind is subtle matter.
Relationship between Mind and Matter
:
Confucianism
: a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius, emphasizing moral order, humanity and virtue of China's ancient rulers.
Meaning of life
: Learn to eventually become a "perfect person" through life experiences.
Practices and Rituals
: 5 rules: be considerate of others, strive for harmony and balance, avoid extreme behaviour, live in peace, respect your elder and ancestors.
What is self?
Seeks to be more active in the physical world and to achieve great virtue
Relationship between Mind and Matter
Brahman
: either the mind or matter but includes both, the mind is the director of the body because the mind is subtle matter.
Materialist
Ultimate Nature of Reality
Expectations: morally excellent, spiritually profound, aesthetically refined
Focus on living in the present
Strongly emphasizes
: mercy, social order, fulfillment of responsibilities
Buddhism
: a religion of eastern and central Asia, teachings of Siddhartha Gautama .
Meaning of life
to seek out Nirvana, to understand and end suffering
Beliefs
The Four Noble Truths: truth of suffering, truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of end suffering and the truth of the path that leads to end of suffering
Practices and rituals
L Meditation, mantras, mudras, prayer wheels, monasticism and pilgrimage
Ultimate Reality:
Samsara (endless existence) reality is essentially transcendence in truth, gods are not worshiped, they are not the foundation of morality and do not determine one's happiness
What is self?
Includes 5 components of existence : Form, sensation, perception, mental formations, consciousness.
Relationship between Mind and Matter
recognized life as unity between the mind and body
Dualist:
emotional state will be reflected in the outer physical appearance of a person
Taoism
: a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (Chinese)
Beliefs
: finding your identity followed by compassion, moderation and humility.
Meaning of life
: Goal is for seekers to become sage and reach and maintain harmony with the Tao so that enlightenment can be realized.
Ultimate reality:
made up of balance of Yin-Yang elements that are opposite to each other
yin: (refers to earth, darkness, moon, female)
Practices and rituals
:focusing attention on body through diet, exercises and mindfulness. Acceptance is also important
What is self?
uses body and mind to achieve enlightenment, human spirit needs to be involved with nature to achieve pure harmony.
Relationship between Mind and Matter
: Dualist, the mind and body affect each other, just as all things apart from Tao affect each other.
