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Drugs affecting kidneys and renal function (Osmotic diuretic (name of the…

- - - - Mechanism of action
        
        It draws water out of tissues including the brain and into the intravascular space and can decrease cerebral edema until excreted by kidneys.
        
        It is freely filtered in the glomerulus, but cannot be reabsorbed.thus remains in the lumen of nephron and lowers osmotic pressure.
      - Indications
        
        cerebral edema( reduce intracranial pressure)
        
        acute glaucoma (reduces intracranial and inraocular pressure)
      - Side effects
        
        pulmonary edema
        
        Initial hyponatremia followed by hypernatremia
        
        Nausea and vomiting
        
        Edema
      - Contraindications
        
        Patients with the following conditions should avoid mannitol:
        
        Patients with high amount of sodium in the body
        
        Severe heart failure, lung congestion
        
        Patients with decreased blood volume
        
        Very serious loss of body water
      - Route
        
        Inravenous and injection
        
        For acute edema administer over 20 minutes dose of 50g+200g in 24 hours
      - Storage
        
        It should be stored at room temperature of 15 to 30 degrees celcius
        
        Do not freeze and cool solution to body temperature before using
- - - - Mechanism of action
        
        They are competitive antagonists that either compete with aldosterone for intracellular cytoplasmic receptor sites, or directly block sodium channels.
        
        Prevents production of proteins that are normally synthesised in reaction of aldosterone
      - Indications
        
        Low potassium levels
        
        Edema
        
        Congestive heart failure
      - Side effects
        
        Stomach or abdominal pains
        
        Loss of apettite
        
        Headaches
        
        Nause and vomiting
      - Contra indications
        
        Patients with the following conditions should avoid amiloride:
        
        Impared renal function
        
        Kidney problems causing low urine to be passed
        
        Diabetic nephropathy
      - Route
        
        Orally as pills, once or daily as per doctors order
      - Storage
        
        Store at room temperature between 59-86 degrees celcius away from light
        
        Do not store in bathroom, keep all away from children and do not flush unless instructed to do so.
- - - - Mechanism of action
        
        Inhibit pump that co-transports sodium, potassium and chloride out of thick ascending limb of the loop of henle. thus the ability of nephron to dilute urine is lost
        
        Inhibits positive potential of lumen, which then reduces reabsorption of magnesium and calcium ions.
      - Indications
        
        Severe hypercalcemia
        
        Hypertension
        
        treatment of heart failure, ascites and acute pulmonary edema.
      - Side effects
        
        Hypovalemia, hypokalemia
        
        Ototoxicity metabolic acidosis due to loss of H+
        
        Increase urination, thirst, muscle cramps
        
        Dehydration, anorexia
      - Contra indications
        
        Patients with the following conditions should avoid Furosemide:
        
        Diarrheoa
        
        Electrolyte imbalances
        
        Acute myocardial infarction due to precipitating schock
        
        Breast feeding women
      - Route
        
        Orally in the form of tablets 20-80 mg
        
        Injectable usually 10 mg/ml
        
        Intravenously 20mg slowly 1-2 minutes
      - Storage
        
        Store between 68-77 degrees celcius
        
        Protect from light
        
        Do not store for later use
        
        Discard if it contains particulate matter or if its cloudy or discoloured
- - - - Mechanism of action
        
        Inhibits active chloride re absorption at early distal tubule via the NA-CL co transporter, resulting in an increase in excretion of sodium, chloride and water.
        
        Inhibit sodium ion transport across renal tubular epithelim through bending to thiazide sensitive sodium chloride transporter
      - Contra indications
        
        Diabetes
        
        High cholesterol
        
        High calcium
        
        Absence of urine formation
        
        Low potassium, sodium
      - Indications
        
        Decrease swelling (edema) caused by cancer, congestive heart failure,liver disease.
      - Side effects
        
        Dizziness
        
        Light headedness
        
        Diarrheoa and constipation as the body adjust to medication
        
        Blurred vision
        
        Decreased sexual ability
      - Route
        
        Orally as tablets 500 or 250 mg
        
        Intravenously 500mg or 18ml
        
        Orally as liquid. carefully measure correct dose avoid household spoon
      - Storage
        
        Keep medication in the container, tightly closed.
        
        Store in room temperature away from excess heat and moisture
        
        Never allow oral suspension freeze