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blood (blood vessel (Capillaries 微血管 (Sinusoidal (Discontinuous) …

- - - - leukocytes(白血球)
        
        Non-granular leukocytes (agranulocytes)無顆粒白血球
        
        Monocytes(單核球)
        
        (1)Nucleus: ovoid(卵形)or kidney shaped, less dense
        (2)Cytoplasm: abundant, slightly basophilic (rER); contains many azurophil granules
        
        functions:
        (1)engulf particulate matters
        (2)coarse(粗糙) materials transform into macrophages(巨噬細胞) in connective tissue
        
        lymphocytes(淋巴球)
        
        (1)Nucleus核: spherical(球形) , dense chromatin
        (2)Cytoplasm: scant(稀少), basophilic (free ribosomes), few azurophil granules
        
        functions:
        (1)B-lymphocytes: humoral immune response(體液免疫反應)
        (2)T-lymphocytes: cell-mediated immune response(細胞介導免疫反應) delayed hypersensitivity(過敏反應)
        
        Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)顆粒性白血球
        
        Eosinophils(嗜酸性白血球)
        
        (1)bilobed nucleus(雙葉核)
        (2)specific coarse(粗糙) eosinophil granules
        with lamellated crystalloids(層狀結晶)
        (3)contain peroxidase(過氧化物酶) and lysosomal enzymes
        
        function:
        (1)increase in number in allergic reactions and parasitic(寄生蟲) invasion
        (2)Destroy antigen-antibody(抗原-抗體) complexes
        
        basophils(嗜鹼性白血球)
        
        (1)nucleus: (2-3 lobes) s or u shaped
        (2)cytoplasm: coarse basophil granules (water soluble水溶性)
        (3)may release heparin(肝素) (anticoagulant抗凝劑), histamine(組織胺)(vasodilator血管舒張劑); and in rodents serotonin(血清素)(vasoconstrictor血管收縮劑)
        
        Neutrophils(嗜中性白血球)
        
        polymorphonuclear(多形核) leukocytes, PMN
        (1)nucleus: (a)lobated(分葉狀),3-5 lobes (b)Drumstick (Barr body, sex chromatin) in females
        (2)cytoplasm:(a)Azurophil(噬苯胺基) granules **(nonspecific) contain hydrolytic enzymes(水解酶)(b)Neutrophil granules (specific)** contain phagocytin(吞噬細胞素), lysozyme(溶菌酶)
        
        functions:
        (1)first line of defense against invading organisms
        (2)ingests discrete particles (bacteria, carbon)
        (3)contain phosphatases(磷酸酶), liberate proteolytic(蛋白水解酶) enzymes
      - platelets(血小板)
        
        (1)Origin: derived by fragmentation of cytoplasm of magakaryocytes(巨核細胞) in bone marrow
        (2)Granulomere: Central granular portion;Halomere: homogeneous, pale peripheral part
        
        function:
        (1)participate in blood clotting
    - - (1)biconcave disk(雙凹圓盤狀)
        (2)Cytoplasm contain hemoglobin(血紅蛋白)( a complex protein containing iron)
        (3)Nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles lost
        (4)Crenation(皺縮) occurs in hypertonic(高張) solution
        (5)Hemolysis(溶血) (loss of hemoglobin) in hypotonic(低張) solution
        (6)Agglutination(凝集)
        (7)Life span, 120 days
        (8)functions>>>(A)Interchange of respiratory gases(B)Rh antigen(抗原) & blood group antigens present in plasma membranes (blood types can be identified)
- - - - (1)有幾區會有更大更不規則的口徑
        (2)Posses numerous fenestrae 很多穿孔
        (3)Have discontinuous basal lamina 沒有連續的基底板
        (4)Lack pinocytotic vesicles 沒有胞飲小泡
        (5)Adrenal cortex(腎上腺皮質), Anterior hypophysis(腦垂腺前葉), Thyroid gland(甲狀腺)
    - - (1)Somatic capillaries
        (2)Have no fenestrae 沒有漏孔
        (3)Material traverses the endothelial cell>>Pinocytotic vesicles(內皮的細胞小泡)
    - - (1)Perforations 有穿孔
        (2)可能有也可能沒有一層隔膜
        (3)Continuous basal lamina on the outer surface of the endothelial cell
    - - (1)Pinocytotic vesicles
        (2)Intercellular junction:
        :check:i) tight junctioin→CNS
        ii) Open elsewhere
        (3)Fenestrations (Pores): with or without diaphragms
        (4)Gaps between endothelial cells
  - - - TM: Tunica media>>weak:
        Contains only occasional smooth muscle cells
      - TA: Tunica Adventitia>>
        well developed
        
        Innermost:thick collagen bundles
        
        Middle:Smooth muscle, longitudinally
        
        Outer layer:thick bundles of collagen
        fibers interspersed with elastic fibers, Contains vasa vasorum (VV)
      - TI: Tunica intima:
        a) endothelium
        b) subendothelial layer
    - - (1)Tunica intima 內層>>>
        a) endothelium
        b) subendothelial layer often lacking
        (2)Tunica media>weak中層>>>
        a) bundles of smooth muscle between collagen and elastic fibers
        b) smooth muscle may be absent
        (3)Adventitia >well developed 外層>>>
        a) collagen and elastic fibers
        b) longitudinal muscle fibers strongly developed in large veins
    - - (1)Derived from intima 由內層延生而來
        (2)connective tissue core
        (3)covered by endothelium
  - - - Tunica intima
        
        (1)endothelium, basal lamina
        (2)subendothelial layer
        :star:(3)internal elastic membrane 內彈性膜
      - Tunica media
        
        (1)smooth muscle (circularly arranged)
        (2)collagen, elastic fibers (formed by muscle cells)
        :star:(3)*external elastic membrane
      - Tunica adventitia
        
        (1)collagen, elastic fibers, connective tissue
    - - (1)Autonomic regulation of vessel diameter
        (2)Tunica intima: a) endothelium b) no subendothelial layer c) (elastica interna)
        (3)Tunica media:thin, spirally arranged smooth muscle
        (4)Tunica adventitia:longitudinally(縱向排列) arranged collagen fibers
    - - see common:
        (1)Aorta主動脈
        (2)Common carotid artery 總頸動脈
        (3)Subclavian artery鎖骨下動脈
        (4)Common iliac artery總髂動脈
      - Tunica intima
        
        (1)Endothelial cells , Basa lamina
        (2)Subendothelial layer, thick
        (a)Many elastic fibers
        (b)Some smooth muscle fiber
      - Tunica adventitia
        
        (1)Collagenous fibers (longitudinal縱向 spiral course)
        (2)Loose connective tissue
        :warning:(3)Vasa vasorum(血管滋養管)
        (4)Nerves
      - Tunica media
        
        (1)Numerous fenestrated elastic membranes>>>Elastic and collagen fibers 多由彈性纖維與膠原纖維所組成
        (2)Sparse smooth muscle 有平滑肌散佈
        :warning:(3)External elastic lamina 外彈性板
  - - - external elastic membrane
      - smooth muscle
    - - Connective tissue
    - - subendothelial layer
      - internal elastic membrane
      - endothelium