Application
1 Zero tolerance: targetting low level crime
2 Increasing risk of detection - CCTV: Using CCTV has become more popular and now it is everywhere (shops, streets, houses). Brown (1995) - In 3 cities, burglaries had reduced by 56% in Newc and criminal damage reduced by 34%
3 Increasing risk of detection - Neighbourhood Watch: Ordinary members of community to increase surveillance, reporting and deterance of crimes.
4 Target Hardening: evironmental intervention to alter cost beenfit of committing a crime. Makes the crime harder and less attractive (e.g. bike locks, car immobilisation systems)
5 Creating defensible space: Newman's DS by having ownership and responsibility over neighbourhoods. Poyner and Webb (1987) - Reduction in vandalism when introduced electronic acces, fences etc.
6 Denying benefits: Make crime less worth it for offender e.g. ink filled security tags on clothing
7 Facilitating compliance: Bins provided=don't drop litter, Public toilets = people don't urinate in street