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5. ORAL COMMUNICATION. ELEMENTS AND RULES GOVERNING SPOKEN LANG. USUAL…

- - - - WHERE to start
      - WHAT to include / omit
      - WHAT words to use
      - WHAT route to take
- - - - PLANNING: what Sp wants to say based on how wish to change List's mental state
      - PUTTING PLAN INTO EXECUTION: uttering segments/Ws/phrs/sentences to make up the plan
      - not clean division btwn planning & execution: Sps do both (planning what to say next while executing what previously planned)
  - - - 1) GIVEN AND NEW INFORMATION
        
        tailor sentences to fit what List are thought to know.
        
        Sentences signal Given and New info by stresson particular Ws
        
        eg.: It was your BROTHER who stole de money
        
        GIVEN INFO: 'someone stole the money'
        
        NEW INFO: 'that someone was your brother'
      - 2) SUBJECT PREDICATE
        
        (generally) SUBJECT is given information; PREDICATE is new info
        
        (normally) List know what Sps are talking about (SUBJECT) but not what are saying about it (PREDICATE)
        
        In English
        
        given/new info signalled by stree
        
        subject and predicate given by position
      - 3) FRAME & INSERT
        
        FRAME: 1st phrase, where Sps place deliberately info to orient List towards an area of knowledge (point of departure)
        
        INSERT: remainder of the sentence (an insert for the frame)
        
        EXAMPLES
        
        'ON THE FILM SET' Mr Fields was delighted
        
        'HARDLY EVER' did Mr Frields crack a smile
        
        MR FILEDS was a good juggler
        
        POINTS OF DEPARTURE
        
        set of a film
        
        rarity of the event
        
        Mr Fields himself
  - - - greater range of possibilities
      - can vary intonation and stress > convey their attitude
      - can rephrase what they say at any moment
      - in face-to-face interaction: facial expressions, gestures, body lang (except in a phone call)
      - MOST IMPORTANT DIFF: need for ACCURACY. NSps constantly make mistakes, hesitate, etc.
    - - expected to be 'correct', judged as illiterate if contains mistakes or half-finished sentences
      - From TEFL great pressure for written ACCURACY
      - DISADVANTAGE of not getting immediate feedback from reader (no suprasegmental feedback)
      - ADVANTAGE: greater clarity (grammatical and stylistic techniques)
      - greater need for logical organization
    - - CONSIDERATIONS
        
        organizing of sentences into paragraphs
        
        joining paragraphs together
        
        coherent organization of ideas (discourse)
  - - - First person narration (SPs involvment)
      - Preference of the active voice
      - Coordination parataxis: main clauses side by side (w/w/o linking W), little use of subordinate
      - Contractions
      - Slurring (kinda)
      - Discourse fillers (hesitation devices; um, well, er)
      - Repetition of lexical Ws, reformulation, redundancy
      - Expressive interactions, tags, intonation emphasizers, body lang
      - Verb tense shifting
      - Use of hedges (kind/sort of, just) and vague terms (stuff) to carry out conv in moments of diff
      - False starts, topic changes
      - Deictic 'this/that' instead of 'the'
      - Greater number of function Ws than lexical Ws > grammatical complexity, less lexical density
  - - - A) Spoken L takes place in real time.
        3 PPLES ONLINE PRODUCTION
        
        Keep talking: conv moving forward . REPAIR STRAT. to retrieve the situation
        
        hesitate for more time to plan
        
        backtrack and restart (incomplete discourse)
        
        yield the floor to another person
      - B) Limited planning ahead (limited human memory
      - C) Qualification of what's been said
- - - - each participant chance to talk
      - only 1 person should talk at time
      - gaps btwn turns brief for efficiency
      - implicit agreement among Sps on an orderly method. Solving coordination problem by conventions (3 rules)
        
        next turn to person addressed by current SP
        
        next turn to the person who speaks first
        
        next turn goes to current SP, if resumes before anyone elsle
  - - - A and B agree to close
      - they actually close
      - A/P central role