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Essay plan (the development gap will always exist) (For (Some…

- - - - Mobutu: dictator > misused funds > lavished money on himself and a minute portion of society over improving the human development of the general population > maintained a state of low development within the country to receive loans from international sources > DR Congo still has to pay back the loans
      - Ongoing/mineral conflict: Wealth of rare earth minerals in the east of Congo has sparked conflict within the nation over the control of these regions. The profit that groups with autonomy over the minefields fund their purposes.
      - Why?-history of colonialism > the country was maintained by the Belgian government at low development extensively > when DR Congo became independent, there was no 'home-grown talent' (nobody had received sufficient education/training in state matters > a government which developed the economy could not be formed and governmental services could not be established > made DR Congo susceptible to poor governance/corruption of its leaders (eg. Mobutu)
        
        Stats:
        -of 5 000 government jobs before independence, 3 were held by Congolese people
        
        3.9 million internally displaced
      - High dependency ratio: means that there are more children than people fit for employment (generally) > less taxes > difficult to provide government services (such as healthcare, social security) > younger generation do not receive a very good quality of education > less productive as adults
      - Problems faced:- various socioeconomic problems (high infant and mortality death rates: 68.2 deaths/1 000 live births & 693 deaths/100 000 live births (2015)
        
        23.4% of children underweight (2016)
        
        lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation: 47.6% of population without access to improved drinking water (2015), 71.3% of population without access to improved sanitation facilities (2015)
        
        frequent and early fertility: mother's mean age at first birth-19.9 (2013/4)
        
        high fertility rate: 4.39 children born/woman (2017)
        
        high dependency ratio: 97.5% (2015)
        
        ongoing conflict
        
        mismanagement of resources
        
        lack of investment
        
        low literacy rate: 77% of population (2016)
        
        high incidence of diseases like AIDS and HIV: 370 000 people living with HIV/AIDS (2016)
        
        very few government services available
        
        (CIA, 2017)
  - - - Emotional/psychological repercussions - loss of self identity, confusion, trauma and anxiety, resentment, depression, self-destructive behaviour, substance abuse, 'Frozen state'
        
        Can affect their health outcomes, education, employment as an adult (inter-generational effect)
        
        Distinct gap between the native population of Australia/descendants and non-indigenous people
      - Stats:
        
        In 2011, 670 000 Aboriginal people lived in Australia (3% of the population) (2011)
        in 2010-12, the avg. life expectancy of Aboriginal people was less by approx. 10 years than non-indigenous Australians
        
        in 2012-13, 52.2% of indigenous Australians were unemployed, compared to 24.4% non-indigenous Australians
        
        Indigenous women were 3 times more likely to experience sexual violence than non-indigenous women
        
        around 1 in 12 indigenous people were part of the stolen generations
        
        8% of indigenous people 15+ said that they had been removed from their homes
        -35% addressed their health as fair or poor
        
        39% experienced high/very high levels of psychological distress
        -An Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander adult is 15 times more likely to be imprisoned than non-indigenous adult
        
        of the pre-existing 250 indigenous languages, only 145 languages are spoken to some degree and less than 20 can be spoken by all generations
        -
  - - - Developing countries are pressured into repaying debts over fundamental aspects of economic and human development
        
        Stats:
        
        The absolute gap in income has increased by 135% since 1960
        
        Inequality: US v. Sub-Saharan Africa: grown by 207%
        
        US v. Latin America: grown by 206%
        
        for every $1 received from aid, $13 is spent by some countries to repay debts
        
        (Hickel, 2016; Shah, 2005)
- - - - Access to safe drinking water (with the support of charity organisations like Caritas)
        
        Less of a time burden from having to collect water
        
        Less exhaustion
        
        Children can attend school
        
        Children are equipped with the necessary education/skills for higher-paying jobs
        
        Less likely to be affected by health issues, and can avoid the 'cycle of poverty'
        
        Greater productivity
        
        Higher family income
        
        Pay more taxes
        
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        Less prone to disease
        
        Greater attention can be directed in supporting the family
        
        Many Tanzanians would otherwise have no access to safe drinking water and sanitation because the government does not have sufficient resources and the climate is too arid- close to half of Tanzania's population does not have access to safe drinking water
        
        Access to sanitation would decrease the incidence of diarrhoea by approx. 36%
        
        Lack of access to water, sanitation and hygiene wastes resources that coudl otherwise be utilised to address the development agenda-
        
        70% of Tanzani's health budget is spent on preventable water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) related diseases
        -without adequate WASH facilities, homes, schools and health centres can become 'breeding grounds for diseases that kill children and threaten their ability to grow (unicef, 2017)
        
        lack of access to safe drinking water increased gender-based violence and the number of females dropping out of school (Shore, date last updated unknown)
  - - - Females receive education
        
        Women can work and earn higher wages than what women with insufficient education/skills receive
        
        Women seen as valuable members of the household
        
        Women gain a voice and they are empowered
        
        Avoid early marriage
        
        Choose when to have children and how many
        
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      - Kerala has achieved 100% primary school graduation whereas in Uttar Pradesh (and other Indian states along the Hindi Belt) the literacy rate is low, high fertility rate and infant mortality rates are high, and marriage often involves females under the age of 18.
        
        This is due to a lack of funding and the conservative belief that females are not as valuable as males)
        
        Creates a cycle of poverty; the opposite of what is described above
        
        In Uttar Pradesh, and other Indian states, boys are seen as more valuable than girls and having more children is a means of achieving higher social status. Furthermore more children means more members to add to the family income or additional support on the land
        
        Uttar Pradesh:
        
        59.26% female literacy rate
        
        fertility rate of 3.6
        Kerala:
        
        91.98% female literacy rate
        
        fertility rate of 1.8
        (textbook)
      - education prevents adolescent pregnancy (for each additional year of education, the likelihood of pregnancy drops by 10%) (Darrah, unknown)
- - - - Cycle of underdevelopment (Rashid, date last updated unknown)
        
        High birth rate>Large families>Low PCI (GNI??)>Low output per worker
        
        Low PCI> Low productivity> Poor health> Inadequate housing remedy> downward spiral not reversible without massive aid
      - Factors affecting a country's/region's development
        
        Environmental
        
        Colonialism
        
        Inequitable trade
        
        Gender inequality
        
        Poor governance
        
        Ongoing conflict
        
        Education
        
        Discrimination
        
        Lack of access to SDW
      - HDI
      - MPI
      - literacy rate
      - GNI per capita, PPP
      - Life expectancy at birth
    - - LDC (least developed country)
      - Developing country
      - NIC (newly industrialised country)
      - Developed countries