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PSY234: Trait & Dynamic Personality Approaches (Trait Approaches…

- - - - Central
      - Secondary: eg. food taste
      - Cardinal: dominant
    - - Extraversion/Intraversion, Neuroticism/normality, Psychoticism
      - Biologically based: Cortical excitation & inhibition (high arousal = predisposes to introversion)
      - Limbic system & neuroticism
    - - Lexical hypothesis: traits can be identified through language
      - Factor analysis: correlation of descriptive adjectives
    - - Nature> nurture
      - Nomothetic
      - Stabe
      - Quanititative
      - Dimensional
  - - - Limited impact of environment on traits = stability
      - Experience shapes expression of traits
      - Based on biology (pre-disposition)
      - Intrinsic maturational processes: N, E, O decreases, A, C increases: until 30 years of age
    - - Produced by lexical hypothesis
      - Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
      - Self report assessable
        
        Job selection
        
        Translated into 40 languages
    - - Not replicated: Indigenous Bolivias: Pro-sociality & Industriousness
      - Replicated in over 50 societies in 6 continents
    - - Generational effect
        
        N & E increasing over 50 years
        
        No evidence of a genetic change?, bias- change to test response
      - Selective migration: account for similar traits within countries (eg. HK immigrants to Canada similar to Canadians)
  - - - Enduring behaviour, cultural deviant, pervasive & inflexible causing distress & social impairment
      - Qualitatively distinct syndromes: yet co-occurance & heterogeneity within diagnosis
      - Model
        
        Personality disorders=maladaptive variants of personality traits
        
        Dimensional, extreme low or high is maladaptive
        
        Detachment (Extraversion)
        
        Psychoticism (Openness)
        
        Anatgonism (agreeablness)
        
        Disinhibition (conscientiousness)
        
        Negative affectivity (Neuroticism)
    - - FFM may allow for better treatment options: Is uniform, can show what can be targeted
      - Eg. Neurotic: target emotional stability, Ext/Agree: interpersonal therapy, Consc: work-related, Open: CBT
      - Psychotherapy or pharmacological
- - - - Personality system with interacting units (each other & situations) = results in behaviour
        
        Goals & values: How much do i want to experience, or to avoid those outcomes?
        
        Affects: How do i feel about this?
        
        Expectancies & beliefs: How likely am I to succeed?
        
        Competencies & regulatory processes: Do I have the skills to deal with this?
        
        Encoding strategies: *What is my perception of the situation?
      - Behavioural signatures
      - Individuality
    - - Units of model
        
        Beliefs
        
        Goals
        
        Standards
  - - - Intentionality: intentions
      - Self-reflectiveness
      - Forethought: planning