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Loftus & Palmer 1974 (Evaluation (Psychology as a science:…
Loftus & Palmer 1974
Keywords
Leading question: A question that is phrased in way that makes one response more likely that another
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Method
Experiment 1
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Participants given a questions that included asking them to describe the accident (filler question), 10 other questions about the accident including the critical question 'How fast were the cars going when they ___ each other?'
IV: Verb used in the critical question: smashed, collided, bumped, hit and contacted
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Experiment 2
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IV: Verb in critical question: smashed or hit, or asked no critical question (control group)
After 1 week, participants were asked 'Did you see any broken glass?'
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Aims
Experiment 1: To investigate how information provided to a witness of an event will influence their memory of the event
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Conclusions
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Experiment 2
Memory distorted by information gathered on the event witnessed and external information after the event, not response bias
Evaluation
Psychology as a science: Quantitative data, laboratory experiment, manipulation of IVs
Usefulness/applications: Used in court rooms to show eye witness is not reliable and leading questions should be avoided
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Ethical considerations: Protection of participants, consent received, debriefed, confidential
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Free will/individual explanations: Still only 16/50 said they saw glass despite being given the same leading question
Validity: Laboratory experiment, structured interview independent measures design (internal) but all students from University of Washington (population), novel situation (ecological) and independent measures design (internal)
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Reliability: Standardised/replicable, structured interview, however not as standardised as questionnaire
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Social diversity: Accuracy of memory is a concern for society as the criminal justice system relies on eye witness testimony
Cultural diversity: Suggests explanations for memory in all humans in general and all humans possess memory