higher physics
Electricity
Our Dynamic Universe
Particles and waves
Spectra
Monitoring/measuring A.C
current changes between positive and negitve
oscilloscope graphs
peek is the highest and lowest it can be in when alternating
r.m.s. is the display as the running voltage
the peek is = number of box up times the value of one box
Vpeak = √(2) x Vrms same for current
frequency = number of box peek to peek times value of each box
Current(I), Voltage(V), Power(W), Resistance(R)
Rules
series
parallel
current is the same at all points
resistance add normaly
voltage splits by contribution to total resistance
resisters
voltage splits by contribution to total resistance
if all resisters are the same divide by number of resisters
1/Total Resistance is 1/R + 1/R
c
potential divider is another word for battery/cell
calculations
V = IR
P = I V = I^2R =V^2/R
Conductors, semiconductors, insulators
Q = It
Electrical sources and Internal resistance
e.m.f
E = V + Ir
is what idle supply with no lose in voltage on internal resistance
t.p.d is the voltage that is supplied by the battery/cell
internal resistance is the resistance inside of the cell
short circuit when there is no resistance
equations of motions
an open circuit is when a circuit is incomplete /disconnected
Voltage graph
when current = 0 voltage = emf
gradient = -r
Conductor
scalars are stationery like time
vectors move like velocity
acceleration equation
v = u + at
s = ut + 1/2at^2
v^2 = u^2 + 2as
velocity time graph
gradient = accelaration
Area = dispalcement
Forces, energy, power
special relativity
length contraction shortens the distance when travelling near light speed
time dilation is the slowing of time at near light speed
examples
length
time
the shorting of spaceships
slowing down of an analog clock
Big Bang Theory
Comics background radation
Gravitation
Collision and Explosions
the expanding universe
Doppler effect
shifting
the change in frequency
click to edit
red
blue
light waves that move to red part of the spectrum
light waves that move to blue part of the spectrum
galaxy moving towards ower galaxy
Wave-particles duality
Orders of Magnitude
The standard model of fundamental particles and their interactions
Interference and diffraction
Refraction of light
Nuclear Reactions
10^-12 gamma rays
10^-9 visible spectrum
10^-6
10^-3
10^-15 size of nucleus
1
10^3 mount everest
10^6
10^9
10^12 distance light travels in one hour
10^15
Fermions
Quarks
up-type
down-type
top
bottom
up
Lepton
charged
Tau
neutral
Moun neutrino
Tau neutrino
Electron
down
charm
Electron neutrino
Moun
Hadrons
Baryons
Mesons
made of 3 Quarks
made of 2 Mesons
Made of quark and anti-quark
strange
neutrino evidence
beta decay
forces of the particles
nuclear
strong
gravitation
electromagnetic
weak
keeps the electrons in place
least understood
beta decay
not the weakest force
shortest range
holds the middle together
Momentum
impulse
p = momentum
p = mv
is vector
is all ways conserved
Collision
Inelastic
Elastic
only momentum is conserved (end up moving together)
kinetic energy and momentum are both conserved after impact (bousing apart)
projectile motion
force is a vector
the change in momentum
area under a graph
the way a impulse is spreed out over the graph
horizotal
vertical
Rcosθ
Rsinθ
F = G((m1 x m2)/r^2)
newtons law is
the bending of light
Capacitors (F)
the storage of electrical charge
calculations
energy = area under the graph
graphs
charging
discharging
voltage
current
voltage
current
curves down potential different to 0
curves up from a negative current to 0
curves down from current to 0
curves the up potential different
C=Q/V
metals and semi metals
Semi-Conductor
Insulator
silicon, germanium, selenium and gallium arsenide
few free electrons
Insulator when pure, Conductor when impure
many free electrons
plastics, wood and glass
highest band is the conduction band
highest band is the valence band
highest band is the conduction band
conduction band and valence band overlap
conduction band and valence band has a small band gap
conduction band and valence band has a large band gap
the heating up of the semi-conductor increases the movement of electrons able to jump the to the next band
Fusion
Fission
spontaneous Pe = Pd + Cd + 3n
hard to contain with it being so hot and along with keeping it that hot
mass is converted into energy
induced U + n -> Rb + He + 3n
E = mc^2 m is the difference in before and after
H + H = He + n
power per unit area of electromagnetic radiation
(/) = hf0 work funtion
constructive wave are wave of the same frequency
experiments
particle by shinning a light at a metal plate
and a wave because light can be interfered with
excess becomes kinetic energy moving the plate
kinetic E = hf - hf0
destructive waves cancel out with when the wave peeks the other in a trough
path differences
whole number of wavelengths the waves will meet in phase and interfere constructively.
odd number of half-wavelengths the waves will meet out of phase and interfere destructively.
Coherent waves have the same frequency, wavelength and velocity
dsin(-) = m(wavelength)
white light beaks part after going through the split
calulations
I = k/d^2
I1x1d^2 = I2x2d^2
I = P/A
Bohr's model
electron obits at energy levels
lowest being the ground level
a nucleus
electrons become ionised after they leave the rings
to move down they need to lose energy
spetrums
emission
absorption
electron from a continues spectrum are taken about the gas
show the free moving electron made by the gas
sin(-) = 1/n
frequency have a slightly greater indexes
all light is reflected internally
crital angle is when light after bend = 90degrees