Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The Biological Approach (Raine, Buchsbaum and LaCasse (1997) (Procedure…

- - - - Cerebral Cortex = 4 regions : frontal lobes (thinking and creativity, linked personalities); parietal lobes (receives sensory info); temporal lobes (processing auditory info); occipital lobes (visual processing)
    - - Wernickes area - involved in understanding language
      - Paul Broca, 19th century - eight patients language problems, all problems with posterior portion of frontal lobe (brocas area) ; now associated speech production.
  - - - Neurons = electrically excitable cells form basis nervous system ; dendrites connect neurons together
      - Communicate at synapse - neurotransmitters relay messages from presynaptic vesicles (either stimulate or inhibit other neuron.
    - - Serotonin plays role: sleep, mood & appetite ; too little could = depression # some antidepressants increase availability serotonin post synaptic receptor sites.
      - High levels dopamine = symptoms of schizophrenia - supported by drug therapy
  - - - any genetically determined behaviour enhances individual chance survival - passed on
      - e.g. alturistic behaviour (parents risk life offspring) -
    - - (Enviroment of evolutionary adaptiveness) - psychological adaptations that are specialized for the environment in which an organism evolved
      - e.g brains apdapted in repsonse our complex social lives - those able form alliances / relationships = more likely survive # genes for such behaviours passed on
  - - - Seek out individuals possess certain traits
      - Males - seek women w/ fertile (young) & healthy: smooth skin glossy hair, red lips, thin waist
      - Paretial investment theory (Triver 1972)
        
        explain why women 'choosier' in finding partner ~ they invest more time offsrping # seek male w/ provide most recources
    - - setting goal finding partner & being driven achieve this give us 'hit' dopamine # explains why driven find relationship - gives natural 'high'
      - ^ levels Oxycontin = romantic attachment - lack physical contact decreases Oxycontin # feeling longing bong w/ partner - have natural drive bond w/ partner
    - - Kin selection traits which enhance survival of those w/ similar genes selected promote survival of groups genes
      - natural incentive to look after our siblings & invest time, energy and other resources into ensuring they're protected and healthy
- - - - Pschological disordera (depression, anxiety etc.) have physiological cause
      - Approach to therapy know Medical Model - based on view mental illnesses like physical illnesses - have physical cause characterised by syndrome # treated in physical way
      - MM - patient treated for MHI direct manipulation of physical bodily processes e.g. psychosurgery
  - - - is surgical procedure involves selective destruction nerve fibers
      - performed frontal lobe (mood regulation & impulse) - purpose = aleviate severe symptoms of mental illness
      - performed w/ effective disorders, OCD and schizophrenia - serverity illness ^ important than type
    - - drilling hole each side skull inserting ice-pick like instrument destroy nerve fibers underneath
      - refined technique w/ "leucotome" - instrument w/ retractible wire loop could cut into white matter brain & server NF
    - - Cingulotomy - surgically interrupts faulty circuits in brain by burning away tissue using heated electrode or gamma knifes
      - Capsulotomy - insert probe top skull into the capsule - region brain near hypothalamus that is part of circuit ; heat tips probe, burning away tissue.
    - - alternative to psychosurgery - no permanant tissue damage
      - thread wires skull w/ connected battery pack implanted patients chest
      - produce HFC w/ interrupts brain circuitry
  - - - Was inappropriate and ineffective
      - Fatality rates up 6% & severe physcial side effect SA: brain seizures & LOER
      - Modern psychosurgery different matter
    - - Cosgorve and Ranch (2001) : OCD - Cingulotomy = 65%
        effective & capsulotomy = 67% ; Major effective disorder - cingulotomy = 65% effective & capsulotomy = 55%
        \\ only 25 patients treated this way USA # no. patients studied = small
      - DBS effective depression - 4/6 patients showed big improvements
    - - limited in use, e.g. rarely used phobias (unless untreatable), not use for schizophrenia
    - - DBS can give precise info about when and where activity in the brain is happening (EEG & fMRI can't) # useful tool and form treatment
  - - - Early psychosurgery techniques = used mental asylums & prisons - patients not given valid consent
      - Argued patients w/ sever depression e.g. not right mind not give fully informed consent Mental Health act 1983 Britain - incorporated ^ strict guidelines regarding consent to psychological treatment e.g. those detained under MHA, not committed crimes, have same rights as ppl not detained
    - - Early procedures # changes cognitive abilities, SA: memory loss & severe blunting emotions; early prefrontal lobotomy - retured zombie like
      - Modern methods = reduces risk severe brain damage \ DBS carry long-term risks.
- - - - 14 non white but no siginificant difference
      - Head injury - 23 murderers had history head injury \ didn't differ murderers w/ no head injury
  - - - Quasi Experiment -
        
        Investigation natural occurring behaviour \ IV naturally occurring # causal conclusions not justified
      - PET Scans -
        adv Researchers able study detailed regions brain and analysis of proccessing info
        disadv patients had be injected w/ radio active substance # can only used few times & considered unethical if study was repeated w/ same ppts
      - Sample -
        adv - large sample used ; matched pairs design # ^ validity ~ control group = similar, taking account ind differences
        disadv murderer not typical all violent ppl # conclusions restricted very particular sub group
    - - Young and Raine (2009) : meta analysis - reduced prefrontal activity violent individuals
      - Tihonen et al (2015) : analysed genes 895 Finnish prisinors found association between criminal gene' MAOA & likely hood commiting crimes
      - James Fallon - had both brain structure and gene but believed not predisposed commit crime as good childhood
    - - Valid consent - not mentally competent provide valid consent
      - Psychological harm - may not fully understood task # lower self-esteem
      - Socially sensitive research - research could indicate murderes = born rather made - have consequences may disadvantage people w/ similar brain characteristics (imprisoned without trail)
      - Right to withdraw - were prisoners # felt had take part & didn't have right withdraw