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Urinary system Histology (Kidneys (The epithelium (visceral ==>…
Urinary system Histology
Bladder
Diseases
Bladder diverticula
When there is obstruction(prostate hyperplasia) in the urethra that cause pouches to form in the bladder where urine is trapped and can be infected.
Acute urinary retention also caused by prostate hyperplasia, especially if median lobe is involved.
detrusor muscle
Has three coats of muscles: A ring of smooth muscles that opens to the urethra, forming the internal urinary sphincter. Important to prevent semen retrograde ejaculation in males
Kidneys
Structure
Nephron
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Tubule
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Distal
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Renin is produced near juxtaglomerular region in response to baroreceptors in the afferent arterioles.
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Function
Filtration
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Podocytes have many cytoplasmic processes that extend and form many smaller processes. Leaving filtration slits(slit diaphragm) between them where blood is filtered through them.
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Filtration membrane allows: 1. certain sized molecule to pass through them. 2. Is negatively charged to allow positively charged ions through.
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The epithelium
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Supporting tissue are mesangium connective tissue that is made up of mesangial cells, and extracellular matrix.
Glomerular diseases:
Podocytes: Cytoplasmic processes maybe lost, filtration slits enlarge, and protein escape. Nephropathy more common in children.
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Basement membrane: Allow proteins to escape. Nephrotic syndrome. proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, and Oedema.
Kidney: Pyelonephritis, bacterial induced inflammation of renal tissue originating from urethra or bladder into the kidneys.
Endothelium: glumerulus tuft may enlarge and proliferate.Block capillaries. Cause hypertension, Oedema. and haematuria.
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Urethra
Male
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Penile
Through corpus spongiosum, columnar epithelial, distal continuous of skin stratified squamous epithelial.
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Female
The proximal portion of the female urethra is lined by transitional or columnar epithelium. Below the urogenital diaphragm and sphincter urethrae, stratified squamous epithelium takes over.
Ureter
The epithelium of the renal calyces, pelvis, ureter, bladder and most of the urethra is the urothelium, classed as a transitional epithelium.
The calyces, pelvis, and upper two-thirds of the ureters have two layers of smooth muscle: Inner Longitudinal, and outer circular Opposite to GIT
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Ureter enters the bladder obliquely. This obliquity causes closure of the ureteric orifices when the bladder muscle contracts, preventing urinary reflux