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Quiz 3 17th of April Chapter 8 (Gender (Gender and Performance…
Quiz 3
17th of April
Chapter 8
Identity and Performance
physical bodies are hidden but race and gender become explicit through language and graphic images
shaping SM use
Social identity
intersection between how we see ourselves and how others see us
projected selves are enacted in a world with existing social categories
recognition of some common characteristics or origin with others
can have meanings that are not determined by oneself but that may shape the performance of oneself
socially constructed
Interpellation
Hail us as a particular kind of person; process by which the dominant meaning of a social role come to constitute subjective identity, the ways we might feel, think or act
Cultural Categories
structured by strong culturally constructed assumptions oriented along opposing dimensions (e.g. weak or strong)
Two-sided process: act of identification puts the user into a particular train of discourse and association that is largely determined by others collectively
Race
Representation Online
SM as a mirror of culture and society, reflects the prejudice and social boundaries of the offline world
creates room for technologically crossing colour lines and reinventing racial representations
but mostly reflects existing imbalances and stereotypes observed in other media and the offline world
e.g. GTA franchise
Race and SM use
people use the internet to form and reaffirm individual racial identity and seek out communities based on race and racial understanding of the world
shared interests and experiences
race and social class are inextricably linked
offline world: people live in racially homogenous groups, spatial segregation is reflected in online space as well
education determines how people use SM
Homophily: tendency to affiliate with others like you
friend selection on FB is based on race, ethnicity, region, education and driven by mechanisms such as balancing (having common friends), propinquity (physical nearness)
Identity Tourism
racial identity is being disguised and user plays a role
SM platforms specifically and explicitly segregated according to race and ethnicity
use of platforms has racial differences; e.g. Twitter among African Americans
Discussion, Debate and Hate Speech
groups fight for dominance in framing public debate, disseminating information and legitimising certain points of view
SM as a battle ground for this
two-faced racism by Picca and Feagin in 2007
people can use online space to vent their private feelings without public accountability
anonymity
provide a space for non-consensual racial fantasies, acting out racial power online in ways they would not in real life
Hate Speech
speech that attacks, threatens or insults a person or group based on race, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability or other traits
old model: directly insulting
new model: groups will participate in a more covert form of speech e.g. trolling or creation of cloaked sites
cloaked sites:
webpages which are ostensibly about a public figure or issue but are actually owned and created by a group with an agenda counter to the apparent purpose of the page
legally distinct
punishment of offline hate speech is more common than online hate speech
national differences (punishment more common in the EU than US)
Social Media being used for coordinated racist action
conduit for attitudinal racism and vehicle for structural racism whereby racial minorities are structurally and symbolically excluded from conversations online
Collective Action and Anti Racism Online
space for coordinating forms of civic and political action
e.g. fight sexual harassment by being able to upload pictures of the harassers
activism online can change political and racial conversations in mainstream media
provides a forum for ongoing dialogue about race and racial issues
e.g. #Blacklivesmatter
little race diversity in internet creation
e.g. white race emojis
Gaps still remain in internet access
identity as two-way street; labels of social identity put people into different subject positions by expecting a specific performance due to someones race
race is socially constructed but can create obligations and meanings over which one has no control but can also open new lines of action and create possibilities
Gender
Gender and Performance
performing selves or idealised versions online; only strategically exposing backstage self
Role theory
people inhabit different roles that consist of social and cultural norms for how to behave
roles are being performed through online interaction and how they are perceived by others
Gender might be shaped or constituted by performance
Gender theorists study how gendered behaviour is rewarded or sanctioned, depending on how that performance is aligned with existing norms of masculinity and femininity
modes of watching
Fetishistic: object on screen is idealised, perfect and unapproachable
Voyeuristic: seek to find a truer reality of the object portrayed (behind-the-scene)
linguistic styles
hard to change
Female: personal pronouns, polite, hedging
Male: assertive language, sarcasm and challenges
Gender Swapping
mediated communication makes it possible but increasing visibility makes it hard
less common
mostly to achieve a strategic goal (e.g. women in online gaming to gather attention)
Representation Online
built around those who have been in power (white males)
little race or gender diversity
reproduce existing stereotypes
Online shopping for women (less comments, more pictures)
Q&A for men
Online Games: women are presented in marginal roles in ways that represent them as dependent on men and/or hypersexualised
Gender and Uses of SM
equal amount of SM use
different interests (men e.g. Wikipedia; women e.g. health issues)
women have equal abilities online but do not recognise they do; are less persistent, more careful and gain less responses
women/men: less aggressive in female dominated groups
women/men: more aggressive in male dominated groups
synchronous communication: turn taking is more balanced and content is structured by gender dynamics
Gender, Harassment and Misogyny Online
responses to female content is more aggressive
effects of sexism:
hostile sexism: less likely to be competitive with men
benevolent sexism: challenge men
women easily build social capital online when their activities are confined to particular socially sanctioned spheres of activity that are congruent with dominant norms
hostile environment can be used to provide a space for building a supportive community
Sexuality
homosexuality is coded according to dominant norms of type (e.g. Grinder for casual dating rather than long-term relationships)
Heteronormativity: assumed in most spheres of public life that women desire men and men desire women
binary opposition of either being homosexual or heterosexual but actually more fluid, continual and graded
SM platforms tend to be spaces for people of distinctly different sexual orientations rather than soaces for those in the middle
binary identification for both gender and sexuality are reinforced
Social Media reflects and produces gender
represents existing offline differences in gendered meaning, interest and interaction but these technologies can also further reinforce norms, ideas and stereotypes of gender
Sex: set of biological traits that one is born with
Gender: socially constructed expression of attitudes, behaviours, gestures and appearances, exist on a continuum and can be fluid or contextual
concept of interpellation applies
SM greatest achievement
ability to communicate with and receive emotional support from others who feel the same or different