the perception of control over outcomes of one’s actions is one of the most robust predictors of student resilience and academic success all across the elementary, middle, and high school years. Children and adolescents who are confident and optimistic are more likely to select challenging tasks, set high and concrete goals, initiate and maintain constructive engagement, deal productively with obstacles and setbacks, maintain access to their highest quality problem solving, concentration, and focus even under stress, seek help as needed, rebound from failure, and eventually to develop more adaptive strategies of self-regulated learning.
