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Unit 3, Outcome 2 Analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of the use of…
Unit 3, Outcome 2
Analyse
and
evaluate
the effectiveness of the use of various types of power by China in pursuit of its nation interests
Core concepts
Power
Refers to the ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor. Power can be exercised in a range of types.
Security
Traditionally this term refers to the protection of a state’s borders from intruders and the maintenance of sovereignty, most commonly achieved through the use of military power. It has now evolved to include softer forms of security, such as access to resources and the protection of the environment.
National interests
The national interests of a state are pursued to ensure the survival and potential growth of that state. States implement policies and types of power to achieve their national interests and maintain state sovereignty.
Idealism
Refers to a school of thought in which foreign policy is influenced above all else by an ideological principle, as opposed to practical and pragmatic considerations.
Sovereignty
Legitimate or widely recognised ability to exercise effective control of a territory within recognised borders. This is the primary organising principle of global politics, providing states with the authority to represent their territorial entity within the international community. State sovereignty can be challenged internally (for example, secessionist groups) or externally (for example, one state invades another).
Pragmatism
A school of thought in which foreign policy is influenced above all else by practical considerations, as opposed to a particular ideology.
Focus questions
What is the most effective type of power for a state to used to pursue its national interests?
Why do different ideas about national interest exist?
Internally, these differing interpretations take shape int he form of opposing views regarding what the national interest of a state actually is, as opposed to what it could be or should be. These debates follow thee types of exchanges:
consensus
,
dissensus
and
trade-offs
.
Consensus
Where there is a unified sense of national purpose rather than disagreement and deadlock or negotiated settlements over a state's proposed national interest agenda and foreign policy
Trade-offs
Key decision makers, while not necessarily seeing eye-to-eye, are willing to compromise on how to best pursue a state's national interest and thus work towards a negotiated settlement associated with the nature of business and boardroom deals.
How is power exercised by China?
What is power?
Power refers to the ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor. Power can be exercised in a range of ways.
How effective is China in achieving its national interests?
Types of power and foreign policy instruments
What is national interest?
Goals guiding a state's foreign policy.
Although for some states, their national interest may also include goals within their own boards as well.
National security, economic prosperity, regional relationships, international standing
Types of power used to try and achieve national interests…
Hard, soft, military, economic, political, diplomatic and cultural
Economic Power
Can be used in either a
hard or soft
manner
An actor's capacity (particularly a state's capacity) to generate wealth by being in a position to tax, produce (manufacture) and trade (buy and sell goods and/or services).
A state's capacity to have sufficient productive resources on hand to generate wealth and material prosperity for its citizens
How is it measured:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP or GDP per capita)
Export potential versus import reliance
Control of geo-strategic assets such as natural resources and trading routes
Currency strength
Market share (of a particular product or service)
Purchasing power
Bargaining power
How is it used?
Trade
Infrastructure projects
Tariffs
Sanctions
Aid packages
South China Sea, Xinjiang and Uyghurs, Belt Road Initiative (BRI), Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), US-China Trade War, China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China and aid, China and Hollywood
Political Power
Can be used in either a
hard or soft
manner
A state's political system and the ways in which that affects governments exercising power domestically within their state over their citizens
The political authority that rules over a state - comprising the system of government and the ideology, leader, group or party in charge
How is it measured?
By the nature of a state's political system
Sovereignty - the ability of a state to be recognised internationally.
The government's authority over its own people
The government's ability to rouse a sense of national unity (usually through appeals to patriotism and nationalism) among its citizens in order to mobilise them for a cause.
How is it used
Authority and legitimacy of a government to pursue policy.
Compulsion - the ability for a political system (and a specific government) to make, impose and enforce 'the law'.
Xinjiang and Uyghurs, Social Credit System, Presidential Term Limits, China and Hollywood, China and the environment
Military Power
Almost always used in a
hard
manner
The armed forces of a state (in a narrow sense). In a wider sense, the capabilities of a global actor (particularly state) to utilise violence (or the threat of violence) as a means to achieve the desired outcome.
How is it used?
Threats - "I will invade, unless you..."
Actual invasions/annexations
Military posturing
Conducting military exercises
Weapons testing
Advertising military upgrades
How is it measured?
The 4Ms:
Money - defence spending
Munitions - weapon sophistication
Manpower and morale - military personnel (size and commitment
South China Sea, Xinjiang and Uyghurs China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China in UN
Diplomatic Power
Can be used in either a
hard or soft
manner
A state's ability to skillfully conduct negotiations and agreements with other states, usually through official representatives (professional diplomats), known as international relations
How is it measured:
International standing/public perception
Regional relationships
Willingness to uphold prevailing international standards/norms
Membership and participation in major intergovernmental organisations
Attendance and participation in major international forums and summits
How is it used:
International ties
Bilateral/multilateral relationships
Embassies/ambassadors
Trade links
Alliances
Overseas assistance packages (aid programs)
South China Sea, Belt Road Initiative (BRI), Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), US-China Trade War, China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China in UN, China and aid China and the environment
Soft Power
Co-opting - Appeal and Attraction
A convinces B to want what A wants
Positive-sum game - win-win
Cultural Power
Almost always used in a
soft
manner
A stare's 'national brand' based on its cultural values and national characteristics.
A state may use these cultural values and national characteristics as a 'product' to be exported.
A state's ability to 'win the hearts and minds' of other states to encourage cooperation.
A state's image of itself that it wishes to promote abroad.
How is it measured:
Reputation -- public perception:
Regional relationship
International standing
How is it used:
Cultural 'instruments' - which a state uses to shapes its own narrative about itself:
Cultural exchange programs
Arts (in particular, Cinema, Music and Literature)
Sense of History
Expansion of national media onto international platforms (in particular, online English-language channels).
Xinjiang and Uyghurs, China and Hollywood
Hard Power
Coercion - Sticks and Carrots
A forces B to do what A wants
Zero-sum game - winner takes all
What is foreign policy?
The outward-looking policies, strategies and actions used by a state to achieve its national interest goals.
Main foreign policy instruments used to try and achieve national interests…
Diplomacy, trade, aid, military
Trade
The current globalised economy trade links are arguably the most common relationships entered into between states.
The exchange of goods and services.
Largely concerned with:
The work of trade ministries
Trade agreements and investments
Trade blocs and customs union
Trade Wars
South China Sea, Belt Road Initiative (BRI), Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), US-China Trade War, China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China and aid, China and Hollywood
Aid
Part of a state's 'soft power' image as a responsible global citizen.
The transfer of goods and services between actors (often states)
Largely concerned with:
The work of foreign ministries and humanitarian NGOs
Assistance packages - grants, loans, short-term relief efforts or long-term infrastructure development and redevelopment
China and aid
Military
Largely concerned with:
The work of defence ministries, armed defence forces and other security agencies
The profession of soldiering
South China Sea, China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China in UN
Diplomacy
One of (if not) the major instrument used by states to manage their relations with other states.
The principal mean of communication between states and therefore an essential part of international relations.
Largely concerned with:
The work of foreign ministries
Dialogue and discussions
Negotiations
Representation
Promotion of trade-links
South China Sea, Belt Road Initiative (BRI), Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), US-China Trade War, China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China in UN, China and aid China and the enviroment
Differing interpretation of national interest
Pragmatism
A state's willingness to compromise - to be practical rather than dogmatic and doctrinaire
Length/s to which a state is willing to go in order to get what it wants
The end justify (and therefore outweigh) the means.
A stat assesses each situation on a case-by-case basis, rather than being guided by some 'eternal truth', or overarching narrative.
A state prioritises what works over what its preconceptions. In other words, a state is willing to test out ideas and, most importantly, change direction as deemed necessary in an evolving situation
Idealism
A state's core values, ideals and beliefs, which will not be compromised.
Principle/s for which a state stands for and upholds.
The means are just as important as the end.
A state live up to the ideals it espouses, both domestically and internationally, guided by a supposed higher, more noble sense of mission and purpose.
A state's ideals (values/ beliefs) are in sync iwth its strategy (policies/actions). In other words, a state's actions abroad are guided by the principles and belieds that frame its internal political philosphy at home.
Realism
Classical Realism
Emphasis on power based human nature
Structural Realism
Emphasis on power based on the anarchic nature of the global political arena
Shared assumptions
The state is the preeminent actor in global politics
States formulate national interests goals based on 'survival' and 'self-help'
Factors that shape national interests
(China)
*Excerpts from China's 2015 Defence White Paper
Economic prosperity
Economic development 'The two 100s'
"China's armed forces will effectively perform their missions in the new historical period...safeguard China's development interests, safegurad the important period of strategic opportunities for China's development... and strive to provide a strong guarantee for completing the building of a moderatly prosperous society..."
"China's armed forces mainly shoulder the following strategic tasks:
To safeguard the security of CHina's overseas interests"
South China Sea, Xinjiang and Uyghurs, Social Credit System, China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China in UN, China and aid, China and Hollywood, China and the enviroment
Regional relationships
Regional hegemony 'Peaceful development'
"China's armed forces mainly shoulder the following strategic tasks:
to participate in regional and international security cooperation and maintain regional and world peace
South China Sea, Belt Road Initiative (BRI), Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), US-China Trade War,
National secuity
Internal Sovereignty Halting Secessionist threats
"China's armed forces mainly shoulder the following strategic tasks:
to resolutely safeguard the unification of the motherland;
to strengthen efforts in operations against infiltration, separatism and terrorism so as to maintain China's political security and social stability
Internal Sovereignty Maintaining the CPC's regime security
"China's armed forces will effectively perform their mission in the new historial period, resolutely uphold the leadership of the CPC and the socialist system with Chinese characteristics..."
External Sovereignty Preserving territorial integrity
"China's armed forces mainly shoulder the following strategic tasks:
To deal with a wide range of emergencies and military threats, and effectively safeguard the sovereignty and security of China's territorial land, air and sea"
Mainly maintains sovereignty through military security and the ability of a state to protect its boarders from intruders. However, it has evolved to resource, environmental security and economic security.
Belt Road Initiative (BRI), China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China in UN, China and aid
International standing
Respect global leader Return of the 'Middle Kingdom"
"China's armed forces mainly shoulder the following strategic tasks:
to participate in regional and international security cooperation and maintain regional and world peace
Presidential Term Limits, South China Sea, Xinjiang and Uyghurs, Belt Road Initiative (BRI), Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), US-China Trade War, China/North Korea Relation, China/US Relations, China in UN, China and aid
Xi Jingping's Chinese Dream
"The Chinese Dream, after all, os the dream of the people. We (the CCP) must realise it by closely depending on the people. We (the CCP) must incessantly bring benefits to the people."
"realising the great renewal of the Chinese nation is the greatest dram for the Chinese nation in history."
Over-arched by the 'The 100s' (CCP centenaries)
Material goals
China becoming a 'moderately well-off society' by 2020
100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party
Includes:
All citizens, rural and urban enjoy high standards of living.
Doubling the 2010 GDP per capita (approaching $10,000) per person by about 2020
Completing urbanisation (roughly one billion people, 70% of China's population) by 2030
Modernisation goal
China becoming a fully developed nation by 2049
100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party
Includes:
Chine regaining its position as a world leaser in science and technology, as well as in economics and business.
The resurgence of Chinese civilisation, culture and biliary might.
China participating actively in all human endeavours
Four key pillars
Strong China
Economically
Politically
Diplomatically
Sceintifically
Militarally
Beautiful China
Healthy enviroment
Low pollution
Harmonious China
Amity among social classes
Civilised China
Rich culture
Highmorals
Equity and fairness