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Dark personalities (Dark triad (Paulus and Williams (2002):
dark triad -…
Dark personalities
Dark triad
Paulus and Williams (2002):
dark triad - a collection of traits derived from theoretical observations of overlapping behaviours
focusing on sub-clinical personalities rather than clinical disorders
3 dark triad traits correlate together and are distinct from big 5
there are heritable and environmental influences to dark triad (nature vs. nurture)
being 'bad' can be good for you in S-Term
Paulhus and Williams (2002):
self-reports of students (measuring big 5 traits and IQ scores)
method: asked them to complete cognitive ability tests and their overall claiming bias (asked to rate the familiarity of items in test) and measured dark triad scores
found: higher IQ correlated only with narcissism
narcissists and psychopaths overestimated their intellectual ability (high over claiming bias) compared to machiavellianists
Jonason and Middleton (2015)
PSYCHOPATHY -
aggressive, low empathy and high criminality
successful psychopath: get away with crimes (have higher executive functioning and info processing)
unsuccessful psychopaths: significant neurological deficit, reduced prefrontal grey matter volume and greater hippocampal asymmetry
**darkest of dark triad
benefits - short-term mating success
models of successive psychopathy:
Lilienfeld, Watts and Smith (2015) -
differential severity: mild expression of clinical psychopathy
moderate expression: clinical psychopathy with aversive aspects attenuated by protective factors
differential-configuration: many traits with different roots
dark triad and workplace:
Lilienfeld, Watts and Smith (2015) -
p's rated big 5, dark triad facets and public perceptions of presidential performance and fearless dominance trait (no fear/in control)
found: fearless dominance linked to successful psychopath traits - more likely to have higher risk occupations and have stronger presidential performance views
Jonason and Middleton (2015)
NARCISSISM:
dominant, vane and desire social admiration from others, overestimate own abilities but this can be seen positively by peers
stable self esteem = high aggressiveness
egoistic - place own needs above others
hard to maintain long-term relationships
Jonason and Middleton (2015)
MACHIAVELLIANISM:
manipulative, deceptive (hard/soft tactics)
socially charming to manipulate others
low empathy and self-control
negatively correlated with self-control and E.I
benefits - low empathy could be good (can manipulate others)
latent darkness: dark triads are linked to many traits e.g. low agreeableness for psychopaths and low empathy for machiavellianists
dark triads have high shared variance with each other (psychopaths + neurotics load onto the same factor)
factor analysis - showed a single factor accounted for 50% variance in each construct
LINKING DARK TRIADS TO HEXACO MODEL:
Furnham, Richards and Paulhus (2013): psychopathy measured using the self-report psychopathy (SRP-III)
machiavellianism is measured using MACH-IV by christie and Geis (1970)
all dark triads have been loaded onto HEXACO H-H factor
all 3 dark triad traits are prejudice against immigrants and claim social dominance orientation (psychopaths likely to get tattoos for intimidation and machiavellianists are cynical towards others)
narcissists - see themselves as good leaders and high E.I
psychopaths use criminal behaviour (bullies) related to CU-traits, machiavellianists are cautious about behaviour (only act out when ego depleted)
LINKING DARK TRIADS TO BIG 5
Ashton et al. (2013):
variance of dark triad was highly correlated with low H-H e.g. strong predictors of sex, money and power whereas the big 5 dimensions were NOT
measured using SD3 and dirty dozen
machiavellianism was linked to low agreeableness
narcissism linked to extraversion
psychopathy linked to low emotionality and conscientiousness
when using dirty dozen measure, did not find same effects
both SD3 and dirty dozen can be reasonable as measures of dark triad with various findings
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dark tetrad
Paulhus (2004):
found a link between the 4 dark triads including sadism and callousness and impulsivity
Callous-unemotional traits:
lack of guilt and empathy
more susceptible to becoming bullies (low social understanding of their behaviour)
they can have a cold cognition - know the actions are wrong but continue to do so
CU traits are stable from childhood to adolescence
could suggest that dark triad characteristics are evidence in childhood CU traits
Frick and White (2008):
psychopathic traits are associated with more severe conduct problems, violence and aggression in youths
but these characteristics are not more highly correlated than any other dimension of psychopathy e.g. impulsivity.
2 measures of the dark triad - the Dirty Dozen by Jonason and Webster - 12 statements rating on 7 point scale how they relate to you and the short triad measure by Paulhus and Jones (2011) - 27-item measure asking to rate how much each statement relates to you,
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN dark triad and big 5 facets:
consistent negative correlations with agreeableness
neuroticism associated with low modesty and straightforwardedness
conscientiousness associated with achievement-striving and competence
psychopaths associated with low deliberation (no care for actions)
4th dark triad?
SADISM -
pleasure in cruelty, sexual fetishes, criminality and unprovoked aggression