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D2 - Digestion (Gastric Juices (Acidic content of the stomach (Acidic…

- - - - When it breaks down, the stomach lining becomes damaged and bleeds because of exposure to gastric acids --> stomach ulcer
        
        Partial digestion of stomach lining by enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
        
        Were once thought to be a consequence of emotional stress
        
        Can be treated by antibiotics
        
        Caused by Helicobacter pylori infection --> damages goblet cells responsible for mucus production
    - - Treated with a group of drugs called proton-pump inhibitor, which irreversibly blocks H+ ion release
      - Lowers pH
  - - - Water inflow from osmosis (due to ion influx) --> diarrhea and dehydration as water is drawn out from the blood to replace fluid loss in intestinal cells
      - Inside the cell, the toxin triggers the release of ions
- - - - Secretion of sodium and cloride ions --> water movement --> forming gastric juice
    - - Gastrin - peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid
    - - Physical - opens to allow food to travel down the small intestine
      - Biochemical - Opening of the valve secretes a hormone to stop the production of gastric juice
- - - - Protrusions of the apical plasma membrane
      - Increases surface area to digested food --> increase rate of food absorption
    - - Scattered throughout the cytoplasm
      - Absorption process of active transport requires ATP