These studies demonstrate that, without exception, child prodigies in various domains possess consistent cognitive profiles that contribute to the early development of their remarkable talents. For example, as discussed above, each of the math prodigies possessed an elevated level of general intelligence, scored above the 99th percentile for working memory, and achieved an elevated score on the visual spatial subtest of the Stanford-Binet 5th ed. As also discussed above, these test scores are generally acknowledged to be based on partially innate characteristics. Using Howe et al. (1998) own framework for assessing whether talent is biologically-based, this new research makes a persuasive case for the importance of innate abilities in creating a child prodigy.