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Genetics (Monohybrid crosses (Monohybrid crosses with incomplete dominance…
Genetics
Monohybrid crosses
Monohybrid crosses with incomplete dominance
Parental generation
First filial generation
Children
Homozygous
Both alleles are the same (rr or RR)
Heterozygous
Two different alleles (Rr)
Incomplete dominance
Neither parental trait dominates the other
Monohybrid crosses with complete dominance
One trait is dominant, regardless of whether its alleles are homozygous or heterozygous
Crossing heterozygotes with themselves
Selfing
Crossing a plant's own pollen with itself
Test crosses
Complete dominance
Hard to tell what alleles it has
Could be homozygous or heterozygous
Reveal the genotype
Cross involving the plant in question and one that is homozygous recessive for the trait
Pure-bred lines
Homozygous recessives
Multiple alleles
Gene exists in multiple alleles
Cross
Sexual reproduction between two individuals
Only a single character is analyzed and studied
Replication of DNA
Doubles the amount of DNA
Replicon
"Bubble" region formed when the two strands of DNA separate
Primer RNA
10 nucleotides long
Acts as substrate for DNA polymerase
Semiconservative replication
Each strand of DNA acts as the template for making a complementary strand
Replication fork
Forked appearance as DNA uncoils and separates
Ligated
Attaching new pieces of DNA together
Mutations
Causes of mutations
Mutagens
Something that causes mutations
Certain chemicals
UV light
X-rays
Radiation from radioactive substances
Transposable elements
Insertion sequences
Contain genes that code for enzymes involved in cutting the insertion sequence out
Transposon
Contains genes that code for proteins
Effects of mutations
Depend on the nature, position, and extent
Somatic mutations
Mutations in cells that never lead to sex cells
DNA repair processes
Recognize and remove mutations
Any change in DNA
Point mutation
Single base is converted to another base
Deletion
Piece of DNA is lost
Insertion
Addition of extra DNA
Inversion
Piece of DNA is put in backward
Concepts
Genetics
Science of inheritance
Alleles
Forms of a gene
Differ in sequence of nucleotides
Genotype
An individual's alleles
Phenotype
An individual's expression of alleles
Dihybrid crosses
Genes on separate chromosomes: independent assortment
Alleles of one gene move independently of the alleles of the other gene
Crossing over
Independent assortment between two genes that are far apart on a chromosome
Genes on the same chromosome: linkage
Genes close together one a chromosome do not undergo independent assortment
They are "linked"
Recombinant chromosomes
Formed from a crossing-over of the homologous chromosomes
One in which two genes are studied
Other aspects of inheritance
Maternal inheritance
Biparental inheritance
The alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny
Uniparental inheritance
Zygote obtains all its plastid and mitochondrial genomes from the maternal parent
Lethal alleles
Phenotypic result of a mutation's presence can kill the plant
Multiple sets of chromosomes and gene families
Polyploid
All plants with more than two sets of chromosomes
Nondisjunction
Two chromatids may remain together during division
One daughter cell receives both copies of the chromosome, the other receives none
Gene families
Multiple copies of alleles
Multiple genes for one character
Many genes affect one trait
Flower color
